Smart probes

Hartman KB, Laus S, Bolskar RD, Muthupillai R, Helm L, Toth E, Merbach AE, Wilson LJ (2008) Gadonanotubes as ultra-sensitive pH-smart probes for magnetic resonance imaging. Nano Lett. 8 415 119. 

Usnally a nncleic acid probe that emits a signal only when bound to a specific target. An example is a molecular beacon. See Stohr, K., Hafner, B., Nolle., O. et al.. Species-specific identification of mycobacterial 16S rRNA PCR amplicons nsing smart probes. Anal. Chem. 77, 7195-7203, 2005. There are other examples of smart probes inclnding proteins (Wunder, A., Tung, C.-H., Mtiller-Ladner, U., Weissleder, R., and Mahmood, U., In vivo imaging of protease activity in arthritis, a novel approach for monitoring treatment response, Arthritis Rheumatism 50, 2459-2465, 2004) and chiral compounds (Tsukube, H. and Shinoda, S., Lanthanide complexes as smart... 

The specimen volume needed for analysis is minimal (e.g., 5pL), the dead volume in a specimen container is minimized, and the instrument has a smart probe as described above. Evaporation control is possible with lids of some kind, and a variety of different types of specimens, e.g., serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other body fluids can be accommodated on the same instrument. Obviously, the menu of enzyme tests must be broad enough to consolidate the testing on as few work stations as possible. 

Figure 6. "Smart probes for timing post-phagocytic events properties include a reporter group that can be recovered upon demand and the capacity to discriminate between pH changes, chlorination, and other oxidative reactions. The symbol fl refers to the fluorescein moiety.

Figure 4.1.13. Schematic of the FOSS Model XDS spectrometer with multiplexing apparatus attached for on-line applications in the food industry (A) and a table top XDS with a Smart Probe (B).

Deckers, R. Yudina, A. Cardoit, L. C. Moonen, C. T. W. A fluorescent chromophore TOTO-3 as a smart probe for the assessment of ultrasound-mediated local drug delivery in vivo. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2011,6, 267-274. 

Ratiometric luminescent probes make a smart use of the excitation wavelength effect on the emission intensity for extended optosensor performance. For example, the fluorescence from 8-hydroxy-l,3,5-pyrenetrisulfonate (HPTS) and other pH-sensitive dyes in water comes only from its (photo)excited basic form, but the absorption spectra of HPTS and PTS (pAa 7.3) differ considerably (Figure 3). 

The term responsive (elsewhere indicated as smart ) refers to diagnostic agents whose contrasting properties are sensitive to a given physicochemical variable that characterizes the microenvironment in which the probe is distributed (116-117). Typical parameters of primary diagnostic relevance include pH, temperature, enzymatic activity, redox potential and the concentration of specific ions, and low-weight metabolites. 

Badlani, M. Wachs, I.E. (2001) Methanol a smart chemical probe molecule. Catalysis Letters 75 137-149... 

CD probes for chirality sensing of biological substrates, Enantiomer 5, 13-22, 2000). Smart contrast reagents have also been developed for magnetic resonance stndies (Lowe, M.R, Activated MR contrast reagents, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 5, 519-528, 2004). 

Identification of the active sites of the MgO surface is of crucial importance for the understanding of the reaction mechanisms and the properties of MgO(lll) nanosheets. Methanol is a smart molecular probe that can provide fundamental information about the number and nature of active surface sites [238]. Methanol... 

S. Myhra, Materials characterization by scanned probe analysis, in Surface analysis methods in material science, eds. D. J. O Connor, B. A. Sexton, R. St, C. Smart, Springer, Berlin, second edition, 2003. 

Excimer formation requires a sandwich-type overlap between M and M and can occur either intramolecularly or intermolecularly. The short-range nature of the phenomenon (<2nm) lends the technique to probing the solution behavior of poly electrolytes. Pyrene is often cited as the classical excimer-forming species and so provides the ideal example of this spectroscopic method the experimental approaches adopted have included the use of both probes [6,71] and labels [87] to reveal the smart response of PMAA. 

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