Small-scale mining

Maya A. Trotz (sustainability water quahty, ecotourism and small scale mining impacts on sustainable livelihoods climate change environmental engineering education in formal and informal settings in the US and in developing countries). Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL... 

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Hentschel, T, Hruschka, F., Priester, M. (2002). Global report on artisanal and small scale mining. London MMSD (Mines, Minerals, and Sustainable Development). 

Hinton, J., Veiga, M. M., BeinhoiF, C. (2003). Women and artisanal mining Gender roles and the road ahead. In G. Hilson (Ed.), The socio-economic impacts of artisanal and small scale mining in developing countries. Lisse A.A. Balkema and Swets. 

Moretti, D. (2006). The gender of the gold An ethnographic and historical account of women s involvement in artisanal and small-scale mining in Mount Kaindi, Papua New Guinea. Oceania, 76(2), 133-149. 

NoesUiller, T. (1987). Small-scale mining A review of the issues. Washington, DC World Bank Technictil Paper No. 75, Industry and Finance Series. 

This covers mining of an underground ore body accessed either by drifts or tunnels into hillsides or inclined or vertical shafts to deeper ore bodies. Depth of mining can be from very close to surface, such as small-scale mining at depths of 20 m, to the deepest mines in the world, such as the Western Deep mine in South Africa which reaches a depth of around 4000m. 

In general, pan filters are selected for freely filtering soHds and thick filter cakes. Cake washing can be introduced easily. Most appHcations are in the mining and metallurgical industries for small-scale batch filtration. 

Various methods can be used to obtain the silicates necessary for the step including small scale collection (e.g., dioptase), mining, synthesis from silica (e.g., Na4Ca4Sig0i8), and synthesis from other silicates (e.g., Ca3Si30g and Ca2ZnSi207). The results obtained so far indicate that the silicates best suited for use are often calcium silicates. 

The tables and maps in this appendix list the locations of prominent areas with arsenic-contaminated groundwater, geothermal waters, and/or substantial arsenic-bearing rocks and mining wastes. Additionally, there are countless sites that have local waters, sediments, and soils that have been contaminated by arsenic from chemical manufacturing facilities, pesticide applications, and individual mines. These small-scale areas, which include hundreds of Superfund sites in the United States, are too numerous and poorly documented to list in this appendix. Appendix B in US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (2002) lists the locations of Superfund sites where arsenic is a contaminant of concern. 

Mol JH, Ramlal JS, Lietar C, Verloo M. 2001. Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine and marine fishes in relation to small-scale gold mining in Suriname, South America. Environ Res 86 183-197. 

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