Small advantages

Although the tailoring hypothesis does not fit the data, there is another hypothesis that works just fine. It is the idea that antidepressants are active placebos. That is, they are active drugs, complete with chemically induced side effects, but their therapeutic effects are based on the placebo effect rather than their chemical composition. Their small advantage in clinical trials derives from the production of side effects, which leads patients to realize that they have been given the active drug, thereby increasing their expectancy for improvement. 

As the above discussions show, the PLS and PCR methods are very similar, and generally perform quite similarly in typical PAT applications. It has often been said that PLS is slightly more susceptible to overfitting than PCR, especially if the y data are rather noisy. In such situations, one could easily run into a situation where the addition of a PLS factor helps to explain noise in the y data, thus improving the model fit withont an improvement in real predictive ability. However, there might be a small advantage of PLS for qnalitative interpretation. Even thongh the latent variables in PLS are still abstract, and rarely express pure chemical or physical phenomena, they are at least more relevant to the prediction of y than the PCs obtained from PCR. 

In Japan the need for new technology was answered by the development of an electrolytic route to sebacic acid(33). The Kolbe type electrolytic process developed by Asahi involves dimerization of adipic acid half methyl ester salt to give dimethyl sebacate(34). The dimerization proceeds in 92% yield with 90% selectivity based on the adipate half ester. The main drawbacks of this process are the cost of energy utilized by the electrolytic process and the cost of adipic acid. A Chem Systems report indicates a small advantage for the Asahi electrolytic process with ample room for new technology development(35). 

Clinical trials One of the trials (ISIS-3) showed that streptokinase plus aspirin performed as well as recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or complex formulations of streptokinase such as anistreplase (APSAC). The GUSTO trial showed a small advantage for the much more expensive t-PA over streptokinase, but with a significantly higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Nine clinical trials—each containing over 1000 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction—... 

Thus, PCA may be used to filter out the most relevant information in a data set. Variations of PCA, such as correspondence factorial analysis and NLM may sometimes have small advantages with particular data sets, but require expert support. 

Finally, there is one small advantage to the liquid hydrogen fueled automobile. It will be very important to users living in cold climates. Liquid hydrogen is so cold in its own right that any temperature encountered in the environment is relatively hot. No matter how cold the weather, with proper lubricants, the hydrogen-fueled vehicle should start as if it were a warm day in summer. 

Another small advantage to the fuel cell is the lack of need for crankcase oil. In 1991, 5.250 billion liters of crankcase motor oil were discarded in the United States. A significant amount of this oil was used as fuel but about 25% was illegally dumped or placed in a landfill. All this contributed to environmental pollution. The Fuel cell automobile does not use any crank case oil so there will be none to throw away. 

Pravastatin (pravachol) therapy is started with a 20- or 40-mg dose that may be increased to 80 mg it should be taken at bedtime. Since pravastatin is a hydroxy acid, it is bound by bile-acid sequestrants, which reduce its absorption. This is rarely a problem since the resins should be taken before meals and pravastatin should be taken at bedtime. Pravastatin is also marketed in combination with buffered aspirin (PRAVIGARD). The small advantage of combining these two drugs should be weighed against disadvantages inherent in fixed-dose combinations. 

A small advantage arising from the problem transformation is the fact that the numerical value of the derivatives is achieved without any computational effort being expended, since they are to the same as the dependent variables inserted during the transformation itself... 

It was later found that many carboxylic acids, provided that they were or/Ao-substituted, behaved similarly to the phenoxyacetic acids and many of these were marketed, offering small advantages in particular circumstances. A typical example is picloram (6.70) which was introduced in 1963 for controlling annual weeds and deep-rooted perennials. It is more potent than the phenoxyacetic acids and can destroy weeds in a cereal crop that are resistant to the phenoxyacetic acids (Kefford, 1966). 

Historically, improvements in systems involving interfacial and colloidal phenomena, and the development of new applications, have been a result of repetitive processes of trial and error and the application of empirical rules developed over long periods of time—in other words, the area has been more art than science. Current economic and social conditions, however, tend to make the old artistic approaches to invention, development, and production much less desirable and tolerable. In today s technological climate, a small advantage or disadvantage can be the difference between survival and extinction in the economic jungle. 

The choice of mononitride fuel for fast reactors was dictated by its certain, if small, advantages over carbides from the viewpoint of density, swelling, and confinement of fission gas. An important factor in the final decision made in favor of mononitrides was the higher pyrophorosity of monocarbide, which causes problems in fuel fabrication and handling of irradiated fuel with failed claddings (Rogozkin et al. 2003). 

Stalemated Industry - there are very few potential competitive advantages, and those available are small. In the steel industry, for example, it is hard to differentiate the product or decrease the manufacturing cost. Companies can attempt to hire better marketing staff, and can entertain more lavishly, but these are small advantages. Profitability is usually unrelated to market share. 

The use of iodide instead of chloride electrol3des may sometimes offer a small advantage, namely when the difference in affinity of the component metals for iodine is more pronounced than that for chlorine. This is probably why Vecher and Plazun used iodides for the investigation of Bi-Sb-Ag alloys in the cell ... 

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