Sludge, surface water contamination

Boiler Deposits. Deposition is a principal problem in the operation of steam generating equipment. The accumulation of material on boiler surfaces can cause overheating and/or corrosion. Both of these conditions frequentiy result in unscheduled downtime. Common feed-water contaminants that can form boiler deposits include calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, aluminum, siUca, and (to a lesser extent) silt and oil. Most deposits can be classified as one of two types scale that crystallized directiy onto tube surfaces or sludge deposits that precipitated elsewhere and were transported to the metal surface by the flowing water. 

Occurrence and fate of antibiotics as trace contaminants in wastewaters, sewage sludges, and surface waters. Chimia 59 485 91... 

A third plant uses a chemical precipitation step for removing arsenic and zinc from contaminated surface water runoff. Ferric sulfate and hme are alternately added while the wastewater is vacuum-filtered and sludge is contract-hauled. The entire treatment system consists of dual-media filtration, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and vacuum hltration. Sampling results across the entire treatment system indicated that arsenic was reduced from 6.9 to 0.2 mg/L and zinc from 0.34 to 0.11 mg/L. 

For the purposes of this method, a chemical waste sample includes sample matrices of oils, stillbottoms, oily sludge, oil-laced soil, and surface water heavily contaminated with the matrices listed above (see Section 8.2). Internal standards are added in the concentrations listed in Table 4 to a 1 or 10 g aliquot of chemical waste. Wet fuel oil and oily sludge samples, showing signs of water, are spiked with the internal standard solution, fitted with a reflux condenser and a Dean Stark water separator to remove the water, and extracted with toluene. Stillbottom samples are spiked with the internal standard solution, refluxed with toluene, and filtered. 

For the purpose of this method, a chemical waste sample includes the sample matrices of oils, oily sludge, stillbottom, oil-laced soil, and surface water heavily contaminated with any of the above matrices. The sample may contain particulates and an obvious non-aqueous liquid phase. 

In a recent study, Clark et al. have compiled and analyzed measured concentration data of six phthalate esters in seven environmental media including water, sediment, soil, air, dust, food, wastewater, sewage sludge, and rainwater. The data are predominantly from Europe, the United States, Canada, and Japan. The complete database, with references, was presented in a report to the American Chemistry Council. The reported concentrations vary widely as an example, the overall mean concentration of BMP in surface water in Canada (1.40 /rg/1) is three orders of magnitude higher than that found in the U.S. (0.0017 /rg/1). The authors consider that this wide distribution is due to several factors including analytical error, sample contamination, and proximity to a variety of past and present phthalate sources. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES inhalation of fume or vapor percutaneous adsorption of liquid ingestion eye and skin contact volatilization from ground surfaces landfills containing PCB waste materials and products incineration of municipal refuse and sewage sludge waste transformer fluid disposal to open areas food and drinking water contaminated fish is primary... 

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