Slope deformations

The starting point of assessing slope behaviour under earthquakes is the presumption that the slope has been adequately designed for normal static loads. The effect of an earthquake is to impose additional transient loads. 

A substantial divergence in practice is developing over the use of the pseudo-static method. The EC8-5 standard includes various partial factors for use with the pseudo-static method, implying acceptance of that method within the EU. But, North American practice would generally not accept the pseudo-static method because (i) there is a lack of clarity in the meaning of the factor of safety under transient loads - a FS 1 simply means the slope may move but that movement may 

Bray Travasarou used a nonlinear fully coupled stick-shp shding block model, essentially the Newmark idealization with a deformable slope mass, to capture the dynamic performance of an earth dam, natural slope, or earth fill during earthquake loading. The nonlinear coupled stick-slip deformable shding model is characterized by i) its 

If FSl 1-5 then excess pore pressure will be negligible and the soil does not experience an appreciable reduction in shear strength— the drained shear strength is used directly in the limit equilibrium analysis to estimate k.  

25 FSl 1.5, then the estimated excess pore pressure is commonly used to reduce the static strength through the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength equation for non-cohesive soils. The reduced, large-strain shear strength is used in computing ky and this strength can be expressed by  

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There are three current commonly used methods in mine slope deformation monitoring, namely geodetic method, close-range photogrammetric method and GPS method. Now we compare the characteristics and apphcabihty of these methods, as show in table 1 ... 

Given these special geological conditions, geohazards in this earthquake-struck region caused by slope deformation involves a particular mechanism. 

Landslides are the second type of slope deformation that results in geohazards. Landslides triggered by the double earthquakes were few but in relatively larger scale compared with the collapses. Similar... 

XU Qiang.Thenretical studies on prediction of land-silds using slope deformation process data[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2012. 20(2) 145-151. 

As the seismic loaded on the model, the unbalanced force in the model has increased quickly, the slope deformation became obvious, in 20s, the slope failed and blocked the Daduhe River. 

The field survey has shown that after the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake, large-scale glaciofluvial deposits in the dry and warm valley in the upper reaches of Minjiang River such as the Huanxi slope, Taoping slope, and so on do not present decline in the overall instability, and the slope deformations are mainly localized. So we infer in the earthquake condition the slope is in a basic stability state as a whole. 

Xu, X.N., Wang, L.S., 2005. On the mechanism of slope deformation-failures and their distribution charater-istics in a high earthquake-intensity area. Journal of Engineering Geology, 13(l) 68-75. 

Development of big landslide formed on June 3, 2007, which occurred on the unique territory of Kronotskiy State Natural Biosphere Reserve (Kamchatka) gave impetus to the study of landslides in the region. Mapping of distribution of slope deformations was first held. It revealed more than 500 landslides. 

Figure 7. Toppling failure of a rock slope caused by multi-fault effect of slope deformation and damage.

In order to monitor the slope deformation of Badong town, several deep monitoring profiles have been arranged along the shoreline slope of town. Two deep monitoring profiles are deeper than 200 m and reach the second section of Badong formation strata, which is located in Baitupo and Xirangpo (Fig. 1). 

With the increasing of clay, marly rock changes from dissolution to softening under water s affection. Therefore, the slope deformation was mainly developed in weak interlayers of marl. 

Chai, B. Yin, K.L. Du, J. Xiao L.L. 2012. Correlation between incompetent beds and slope deformation at Badong town in the Three Gorges reservoir, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 69(1) 209-223. 

Yoshida Y, Kashiwai Y, Murakami E, Ishida S, Hashiguchi N. 2002. Development of the monitoring system for slope deformations with fiber Bragg grating arrays. Proceedings of SPIE, Smart Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems 296-303. 

Detection of soil slope deformation and construction of equivalent geotechnical model from terrestrial laser scanned data... 

Demirev An., Anguelov K., 1979-1980. Structural features of clays from the Maritza-East basin as a factor in slope deformation. Annual of the HIMG, V. XXVII, Section II, pp. 171-189, (in Bulgarian). 

Karaulova Z.M., 1969. The role of the rheologic properties of the clay soils in the development of the riverside slope deformations. Moscow Institute for Civil Engineering, Moscow, (in Russian). 

DSGSD Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation... 

Briickl E, Brunner FK, Lang E, Mertl S, Muller M, Stary U (2013) The Gradenbach observatory-monitoring deep-seated giavitaticaial slope deformation by geodetic. 

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