Sleep deprivation drugs

Other drivers and traffic—Often it is other vehicles on the roadway that can be dangerous. Other drivers may have issues (sleep deprivation, drug/alcohol use, driving too fast for conditions) that could impact your employees. Constant awareness and defensive driving should be stressed. 

Bracken BK, Trksak GH, Penetar DM, Tartarini WL, Maywalt MA, Dorsey CM, et al. Response inhibition and psychomotor speed during methadone maintenance impact of treatment duration, dose, and sleep deprivation. Drug Alcohol Depen September 1, 2012 125(l-2) 132-9. 

Memantine is approved for treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer s disease. It is an antagonist at glutamatergic NMDA-receptors. Memantine is well tolerated and has a small beneficial effect at six months in moderate to severe AD (McShane et al. 2006). For patients with dementia one has to be careful wit all kind of medications that may affect the central nervous system. Delirium and hallucinations are common adverse effects in patients with dementia. Agitation may be due to delirium and external causes should be ruled out before adding another psychoactive drug. Sleep disturbance is common in demented elderly patients. Sleep deprivation may in a patient with dementia induce delirium. Nonpharmacological treatment for delirium or hallucinations should be considered first. 

Many psychotropic drugs from various classes other than antidepressants have been shown over the years also to suppress REM sleep, but they do not have any antidepressant efficacy (Kales 1995). A review, however, indicated that, compared with other REM suppressant drugs, antidepressants produce a suppression of REM sleep that is larger, more persistent, and followed more frequently by REM rebound on drug discontinuation (G. W. Vogel et al. 1990). Thus, differences across drug classes indeed make antidepressants unique, with their REM suppressant effect paralleling only that of the arousal-induced REM sleep deprivation. 

Newhouse PA, Potter A, Corwin J, et al Acute nicotinic blockade produces cognitive impairment in normal humans. Psychopharmacology 108 480-484, 1992a Newhouse PA, Penetar D, Fertig J Stimulant drug effects after prolonged total sleep deprivation a comparison of amphetamine, nicotine, and deprenyl. Mil Psychol 4 207-234, 1992b... 

Papadimitriou GN, Kerkhofs M, Kempenaers C, et al EEG sleep in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 26 183-190, 1988 Papadimitriou GN, Christodoulou GN, Katsouyanni K, et al Therapy and prevention of affective illness by total sleep deprivation. J Affect Disord 27 107-116, 1993 Papp M, Muscat R, Willner P Additive effects of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs and intermittent treatment with a dopamine agonist. Eur Neuropsy-chopharmacol 2 121-125, 1992... 

In other words, it takes about the same length of time to kill an animal with sleep deprivation as it does to cure a person with those drugs that restore sleep to normal for the duration of their administration. Some of those alterations are variations on the theme of sleep deprivation. The total suppression of REM by isoniazid and other MAOIs is a particularly striking example. Successful treatment of depression may thus depend upon pushing the two sides of the reciprocal interaction system to such extreme limits that REM sleep is impossible. 

In my case, none of these uninvited image people promised salvation. They didn t even reveal scientific secrets. But they did, by their presence, make one thing clear that sleep deprivation alone can open wide the Doors of Perception that Huxley celebrated. Had I prepared my mind for specific communications from the beyond, I have no doubt that my visionary visitors would have articulated whatever words I wanted to hear. The point is that you don t need a drug, you don t need a medium, and you certainly don t need a spirit world to have them. Those exotic ginger flowers and that tumultuous ski run spoke so clearly to the shade of Aldous Huxley You are wrong about dreams. They can be both pre-ternaturally colorful and ecstatically animated. Even without mescaline or LSD, and certainly without cocaine, a drug that will almost certainly counteract psychedelic dreaming. 

A second application of laboratory-based performance assessment technologies has been in the field of fitness-for-duty assessment, primarily supported by military and other government agencies. A varied number of fitness-for-duty assessment batteries have been developed several of these are reviewed here. A major strength of these fitness-for-duty assessment batteries is the availability of a substantial database on the reliability and validity with which these batteries can detect changes in performance related to a number of manipulations, including drug administration, sleep deprivation, and exposure to extreme environments. 

Treatment will call upon dopamine agonists, opioid medications, a benzodiazepine (clonazepam) that increases total sleep time, and drugs most commonly used as antiepileptic medication, such as gabapentin or equivalent. Dopamine agonists are the most effective and reduce the sleep deprivation and the patients complaints. But not all patients respond to dopamine agonists and methadone has been prescribed in the most refractory cases (21). 

Total sleep deprivation may not be performed easily because wake capacity is very low in neonates. The method of RSD by nondrug means has been developed and proven to be equally effective as RSD by drug. Since neonates are very sensitive to all kinds of stimulation and instrumental RSD (IRSD) has unavoidable mechanical stimulation, the application of IRSD in the neonate must be accompanied by a reasonable yoked control. Computer-controlled IRSD may not be applied before PN 12 because NREM sleep is undetectable before this age. 

Mougin F, Bourdin H, Simon-Rigaud ML, Nguyen NU, Kantelip JP, Davenne D. Hormonal responses to exercise after partial sleep deprivation and after a hypnotic drug-induced sleep. J Sports Sci 2001 19 89-97. 

A later study supported the findings that methylphenidate s benefits are most apparent in sleep-deprived/sleep-restricted volunteers. Roehrs et al. (52) compared the effects of 09 00 doses of 10 mg methylphenidate to placebo on sleepiness (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, MSLT), Profile of Mood States (POMS) ratings, and divided-attention performance after either 4 or 8 hr of sleep. After these test days, the 4- and 8-hr sleep conditions were repeated, but this time subjects were given their choice of drug or placebo. Results indicated that performance was improved by methylphenidate, most notably after the 4-hr condition. Methylphenidate also improved sleep latency and mood, but only after restricted sleep. During the choice phase of the study, subjects showed a preference for methylphenidate after 4 hr sleep (in 88% of opportunities), but not after 8 hr sleep (in only 29% of opportunities), suggesting that the preference for methylphenidate depended on the perceived sleepiness level of the individual. 

In summary, the literature suggests pemoline could be useful for sustaining alertness and performance over short periods of sleep deprivation (24 hr). In fact, there are some indications that pemoline is more efficacious for this purpose than methylphenidate, although the drug may have a slower onset of action. Pemoline seems to affect reaction time more so than accuracy in various performance tasks, and it exerts no substantial effect on mood. One study raised the possibility that multiple doses may actually produce performance decrements in some tasks after the second day of continuous wakefulness, and this issue remains unresolved. In light of this fact and the fact that pemoline has been associated with hepatic failure, pemoline should not be considered for the maintenance of wakefulness in sleep-deprived people. 

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