Skin type phenol

Although phenol has been used successfully on patients with a Mediterranean skin type or on Asian patients with... 

Mediterranean or Latin American skin types can be treated with AHAs, superficial TCA or Easy TCA . A TCA peel to the papillary dermis can be used with caution, avoiding overpeeHng and post-peel inflammatory reactions. Patients with skin phototype IV can be treated with phenol if the patient is warned of the possibility of depigmentation in the treated skin. Results can be very satisfactory, as the difference in color between the treated and untreated areas may not be too marked. 

It is easy to predict the risk of a visible demarcation line (Figure 37.62). Not coimting the hypopigmenting (with phenol) or hyperpigmenting (with TCA) properties of different peeling agents, the parameters that should be taken into account are the depth of the peel and the patient s skin type. 

Figure 8.1 Test peel patches on day 4, left cheek, in Fitzpatrick skin type I treated with tour formulae (1) 48% phenol. 0% croton oil (2) 35% phenol, 0.4% croton oil (3) 35% phenol, 2.2% croton oil, and (4) 35% phenol, 0% croton oil. Each formula was tested with 50, 20 or 5 rubs with small semi-diy Q-tips (cotton buds). Results showed (1) phenol Is not all-or-none (2) croton oil increases depth of injury (3) In this study there was little observable difference between 0.4% and 2.2% croton oil (4) mbbing increases depth of injury, and (5) human experimental models have inherent variables...

When compared to 70% glycolic acid peels, no difference was found with respect to the frequency of side effects in patients of skin types IV-Vl. However, the phenolic compound, resorcinol, may cause some depigmentation jjroblems in skin types V and VI. 

In cases of patients with olive skin (Fitzpatrick Results of phenol-based peels for various inskin type 3 or 4), the application of Kligman dications are shown in Figs. 8.11,8.12,8.13, 8.14 preparation is recommended to prevent reac- and 8.15. tive hyperpigmentation. 

In order to facilitate satisfactory dye uptake, the molecular size of a disperse dye must be kept small monoazo structures are therefore exceptionally important, particularly in the coloration of polyester and cellulose triacetate. In the yellow shade area, molecular size generally poses no problem and the various available coupling components can all be used without making the molecule too large. A very simple example of the type of structure employed using a phenolic coupling component is Cl Disperse Yellow 3 (4-72). This dye is known to cause skin sensitisation when on nylon [85] and can also provoke an allergic reaction [86]. 

Dermal absorption of phenol in the presence of various types of soil was measured in vitro using skin patches from pigs (Skowronski et al. 1994). Maximum phenol penetration occurred between 2 and 4 hours after treatment in all cases. Compared to samples with no soil present, the presence of sandy soil reduced the peak penetration by one-half, and the presence of clay soil reduced peak penetration by two-thirds. 

Disadvantages of machine harvest include increased juice loss, particularly with certain varieties, tendency of leaves to get into harvested fruit (which varies with the type of harvester), potential for inclusion of second crop fruit with ripe grapes, and, because of crushing of berries during harvest, more potential oxidation and phenolic extraction from skins. Much work has... 

Uncle Jack survived the horrific Battle of the Somme in World War I, but died of antiseptic poisoning by phenol in hospital, where he was treated for an ingrowing toe nail by a Florence Nightingale-type nurse. Phenol was discovered in 1834 to be slightly acidic with antiseptic properties (a weak 5 % solution was called carbolic acid and was used to kill germs ). When used in the first World War it probably killed many soldiers through overuse, due to its acidic burning effect upon the skin and tissues. More sophisticated antiseptics are now used. 

It appears that cresols are absorbed across intact skin [10]. Once absorbed, phenols are widely distributed throughout the body and are toxic to various cell types. Green reports on a one-year old child who died 4 hours following the accidental application of a phenol solution to his head. At post-mortem examination, the presence of the phenols in the internal organs was detectable by the typical odor of phenol [10]. ATN was also documented histologically. Bruce et al. document 2 cases of cresol poisoning and their resultant deaths [11]. 

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