Skin-penetration enhancers

Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement, edited by Kenneth A. Walters and Jonathan Hadgraft... 

Nicolazzo JA, Reed BL, Finnin BC (2004b) Modification of buccal drug delivery following pretreatment with skin penetration enhancers. J Pharm Sci 93 ... 

Transdermal delivery of certain APIs is now common for the treatment of some medical conditions, and there are several excipients that are promoted as transdermal penetration enhancers. One of the earlier materials developed was laurocapram (Azone ). There is a detrimental interaction between laurocapram and mineral oil (liquid paraffin) whereby when both are included in the same formulation, the skin penetration-enhancing properties of laurocapram are lost. Such interactions have implications for extemporaneous mixing of different cream and ointment formulations in the pharmacy. 

Davis AF, Hadgraft J. Supersaturated solutions as topical drug delivery systems. In Walters KA, Hadgraft J, eds. Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement. New York Marcel Dekker, 1993 243-268. 

Wang Q, Hikima T, Tojo K. Skin penetration enhancement by the synergistic effect of supersaturated dissolution and chemical enhancers. J Chem Eng Japan 2003 36 92-97. 

Barry B, Williams A. Human skin penetration enhancement the synergy of propylene glycol with terpenes. Proc Int Symp Control Release Bioactive Mater 1989 16 33-34. 

Pharmaceutical Process Validation Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Ira R. Berry and Robert A. Nash Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, edited by Ashim K. Mitra Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement, edited by Kenneth A. Walters and Jonathan Hadgraft... 

J. Hadgraft, D. G. Williams and G. Allen, in Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement (Eds. K. A. Walters and J. Hadgraft), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993. 

Nicolazzo et al. [52] considered the use of the lipophilic skin penetration enhancers, octisalate and padimate (both used in sunscreens), in comparison to Azone on the buccal absorption of various drugs in vitro. They were found to have limited effect in enhancing the permeation of triamcinolone acetonide (although some increase in tissue uptake was proposed in some cases) relative to Azone, while reducing the penetration of estradiol and caffeine. One interesting report is that of the effect of capsaicin from capsicum, a commonly used food ingredient, which has been reported to enhance the permeability of sulfathiazole in human volunteers [53] presumably by a direct irritation effect on the mucosa. This raised an interesting issue of the effect of diet on oral mucosal permeability. 

Hadgraft, J., D.G. Williams, and G. Allan. 1993. Azone mechanism of action and clinical effect. In Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement, ed. Walters, K.A., and J. Hadgraft, 175. New York Marcel Dekker. 

FIGURE 12.3 Azone, the original molecule synthesized specifically to act as a skin penetration enhancer. 

Aungst, B.J. 1989. Structure-effects studies of fatty acid isomers as skin penetration enhancers and skin irritants. Pharm Res 6 244. 

Williams, A.C., and B.W. Barry. 1989. Essential oils as novel human skin penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 57 R7. 

Vaddi, H.K., P.C. Ho, and S.Y. Chan. 2002. Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers Permeation and partition of haloperidol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci 91 1639. 

Vaddi, H.K., et al. 2003. Oxide terpenes as human skin penetration enhancers of haloperidol from ethanol and propylene glycol and their modes of action on stratum corneum. Biol Pharm Bull 26 220. 

Cornwell, P.A., and B.W. Barry. 1994. Sesquiterpene components of volatile oils as skin penetration enhancers for the hydrophilic permeant 5-fluorouracil. J Pharm Pharmacol 46 261. 

Barry, B.W. 1991. Lipid-protein-partitioning theory of skin penetration enhancement. J Control Release 15 237. 

Green, P.G., et al. 1993. Iontophoretic drug delivery. In Pharmaceutical skin penetration enhancement, eds. K.A. Walters, and J. Hadgraft, 311. New York Marcel Dekker Inc. 

Combined Chemical and Electroporation Methods of Skin Penetration Enhancement... 

Chapter 15 Electroporation as a Mode of Skin Penetration Enhancement.303... 

J. Engblom, S. Engstrom, and K. Fontell, The effect of the skin penetration enhancer Azone on fatty acid-sodium soap-water mixtures, J. Control. Rel. 33 299— 305 (1995). 

J. Hadgraft, Skin penetration enhancement, Prediction of Percutaneous Penetra-... 

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