Electroporation skin penetration enhancement

Combined Chemical and Electroporation Methods of Skin Penetration Enhancement... 

Chapter 15 Electroporation as a Mode of Skin Penetration Enhancement.303... 

It is therefore desirable to devise strategies both to enhance the penetration of molecules, which can already breach the skin barricade passively to some extent, and also to widen the spectrum of drug molecules that can penetrate the skin at therapeutically beneficial doses. Many tactics have been utilized to help overcome the barrier function. These include chemical means (e.g., chemical penetration enhancers or entrapment of molecules within lipid vesicles) or physical methods (such as ultrasound, microneedles, or electrical methods). Two important electrical methods are iontophoresis and electroporation. 

FIGURE 17.2 Enhancement ratios of total amount of estradiol penetrated and skin deposition from ultradeformable liposomes after an electroporation protocol (5 pulses of 100 V, 100 ms, and 1 min spacing) relative to passive diffusion from the vesicles. 

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