Skeletal muscle 544 INDEX

Creatine kinase, creatine kinase myocardial band Creatine kinase (CK) enzymes are found in many isoforms, with varying concentrations depending on the type of tissue. Creatine kinase is a general term used to describe the nonspecific total release of all types of CK, including that found in skeletal muscle (MM), brain (BB) and heart (MB). CK MB is released into the blood from necrotic myocytes in response to infarction and is a useful laboratory test for diagnosing myocardial infarction. If the total CK is elevated, then the relative index (RI), or fraction of the total that is composed of CK MB, is calculated as follows RI = (CK MB/CK total) x 100. An RI greater than 2 is typically diagnostic of infarction. 

Cardiac index and blood pressure must be sufficient to ensure adequate organ perfusion, as assessed by alert mental status, creatinine clearance sufficient to prevent metabolic azotemic complications, hepatic function adequate to maintain synthetic and excretory functions, a stable heart rate and rhythm, absence of ongoing myocardial ischemia or infarction, skeletal muscle and skin blood flow sufficient to prevent ischemic injury, and normal arterial pH (7.34 to 7.47) with a normal serum lactate concentration. These goals are most often achieved with a cardiac index greater than 2.2 L/min/m2, a mean arterial blood pressure greater than 60 mm Hg, and PAOP of 25 mm Hg or greater. 

A. H. From and K. Ugurbil, Standard magnetic resonance based measurements of the Pi-ATP rate do not index the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol, 2011, 301, Cl-Cll. 

Z3. Zierler, K. L., Diffusion of aldolase from rat skeletal muscle. An index of membrane permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 190, 201 (1957). 

Clinical use of the percent relative index [%RI %RI -(CK-2 mass/total CK activity x 100) or %CK-2 (CK-2 activ-ity/totai CK x 100)] aids in the interpretation of CK-2 concentrations for the detection of AML While not absolute, an increased %CK-2 or %RI points toward the heart as the source of CK-2 in serum. However, the %RI and %CK-2 should not be used for interpretation when the total CK activity remains within the reference interval, because of the potential of falsely elevated values. Their use for this purpose is also compromised if there is any concomitant skeletal muscle injury, as the sensitivity for the detection of cardiac events is lost. 

Body mass index (weight in kg divided by the height squared in metres) is a reasonable indicator of nutritional state, except when the patient is oedematous. Arm circumference is an indicator of skeletal muscle mass, while skin fold thickness is proportional to body fat levels. In addition, general physical examination may reveal signs of malnutrition in the skin, nails, hair, teeth and mucous membranes. 

This could not be the case of homofascaplysin A (39) [Fig. (11)], a p-carboline-indole alkaloid isolated from the sponge Hyrtios erecta [56], Indeed, homofascaplysin A (39) showed activity against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum strains with an IC50 of about 20 ng/mL, but its toxicity toward rat skeletal muscle myoblast cells was estimated to be less than 1 pg/mL, and thus the selectivity index of this molecule is very narrow. 

Additional tests were made to help evaluate Mr. Veere s degree of malnutrition and his progress toward recovery. His arm circumference and triceps skinfold were measured, and his mid upper arm muscle circumference was calculated (see Chap. 2, Anthropometric Measurements). His serum transferrin, as well as his serum albumin, were measured. Fasting blood glucose and serum ketone body concentration were determined on blood samples drawn the next day before breakfast. A 24-hour urine specimen was collected to determine ketone body excretion and creatinine excretion for calculation of the creatinine-height index, a measure of protein depletion from skeletal muscle. 

Dettbam, W. D. 1984. Nerve agent toxicity and its prevention at the neuromuscular junction an analysis of acute and delayed toxic effects in extraocular and skeletal muscle. Govt. Rep. Announce. Index (U.S.) 84(25) 55 cited in Chem. Abstr. CA 102(11) 144447y. 

Very low values of proteolysis, such as lay within the range of maximal theoretically possible contamination of tissues with blood, up to an index of 0.4, were found in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. 

R283 R. S. Balaban and A. P. Koretsky, Standard Magnetic Resonance - Based Measurements of the Pi ATP Rate Do Not Index the Rate of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Comments , Am. J. Physiol., 2011, 301, C12. 

Muscle cells which arc damaged will leak creatine kina.se into the plasma. This enzyme exists in different isoforms. CK-MM or total CK is used as an index of skeletal mu.scle damage. Very high serum levels may be expected in patients who have been convulsing or have muscular damage due to electrical shock or crush injury. Creatine kinase concentrations may also be high in acute spells in muscular dystrophy. For these rea.sons, when CK is used as an indicator of myocardial infarction. it is better to measure the MB... 

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