Simultaneous 90° pulses

Amirav A, Jing H. 1998. Simultaneous pulsed flame photometric and mass spectrometric detection for enhanced pesticide analysis capabilities. J Chromatogr 814 133-150. 

With the patch electrode voltage at 0 mV, depolarization of the cell via the whole cell electrode (-70 mV to OmV) changed the potentials of both the Pvm and the whole cell from - 70 mV to 0 mV (Fig. 4 left panel i.e. Pvm=Vwh0ie ceil Vpatch), elevated [Ca2+]c to about 800 nM, and evoked single KCa channel activity (bottom two panels). On repolarization to -70 mV, KCa channel activity ceased abruptly. In Fig. 4 (middle panel) depolarization of the whole cell from -70 mV to OmV, with the Pvm being held at -70 mV (by applying a simultaneous pulse to the patch... 

The velocity, density and temperature of a streaming gas can be determined by measuring the magnitude, frequency and spectral distribution of Rayleigh-scattered light from two simultaneously pulsed ruby lasers with parallel beams and slightly different frequencies 246)... 

Step Transient Experiments at 800 Torr. Activation of pretreated silver was performed under isothermal conditions at 493, 523, and 543 K and 800 torr using a step transient format. A typical spectrum collected at 493 K, obtained by simultaneously pulsing ethylene-d4 and oxygen-18 from separate pulse valves into a continuous helium flow, is plotted in Figure 4. In this example, the oxygen to ethylene ratio was 2 1. As observed in the steady-flow TPSR experiments, the pretreated sample is readily activated, while the preoxidi samples remain inactive. 

The first NeNePo experiments dealt with silver clusters, Ag3, Ags, Ag7, and Ag9, particularly with the first of these. The photodetachment and photoionization were done with a single titanium-sapphire laser producing pulses of approximately 60 fs duration. Doubled in frequency, these could be tuned over a wavelength span from above 420 to below 390 nm. As with the dimer, photodetachment was a one-photon process and photoionization a two-pho-ton process. (The clusters of odd numbers of atoms could be studied this way the even-numbered clusters require at least three photons in the available energy range for photoionization). The interval between pulses could be varied from zero (simultaneous pulses) to 100 ps the two pulses were made to differ in intensity by about a factor of 2, and either could be the leading pulse. 

The corresponding rotation matrices for pulses on they axis are formed by simply replacing the i sin ( /2) terms with sin ( /2) above the diagonal and —sin ( /2) below the diagonal. A simultaneous pulse on both the I and S spins can be formed from the product of the rotation matrices for the individual pulses ... 

Cohen, R. A., and Fong, P. (2004b). Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link (Chlorophyta) Using N to determine preference during simultaneous pulses of nitrate and ammonium. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 309, 67—77. 

Figure 6 shows the NOx conversions and N2 selectivities for both model gas and TAP experiments with the stoichiometric and lean mixture as function of the temperature. The TAP measurements were carried out by simultaneously pulsing both valves. No NO2 formation was observed in TAP experiments in contrast with model gas experiments, therefore conversion and selectivity were calculated for the reaction of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) to N2 and N2O. The equilibrium of NO and NO2 in O2 is given by ... 

Open the pulse program ppexamS.seq using the Edit I Pulse program command and replace p2 by p1 2 and place the simultaneous pulses p1 / p4 and p2 / p5 on the same line as shown below. Save the file as ppexamS.seq us ng File Save as. Using the command Utilities I Show pulse program... compare the pulse program scheme with the scheme from Check it 4.1.2.8(a). 

The APT sequence was the first experiment to decode the sign of the signal amplitude as a function of I S multiplicity. Because of the hardware restrictions in early NMR spectrometers, particularly applying simultaneous pulses on both the acquisition and second channel, emphasis was made on making the pulse sequence as simple as possible. The sequence only requires a 90° pulse and 180° pulse on the acquisition channel, which may be easily determined, and a simple decoupler switch-on/off on the second channel. Nevertheless the experiment is still included in modern pulse program libraries the experiment seems to be very robust and in contract to DEPT or INEPT type experiments quaternary carbon atoms can also be detected by the same experiment. 

To extend pulse calorimetry to selected mechanical properties, NIST has developed a new apparatus called the pulse-heated Kolsky bar, or split-Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus [127, 128]. The combination of the two techniques produces high-rate dynamic loading, while simultaneously pulse heating the specimen with electrical current. 

Chizeck, H.J., Lan, N., Sreeter-Pahniere, L., and Crago, P.E., Feedback control of electrically stimulated muscle using simultaneous pulse width and stimulus period variation, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-38 1224-1234,1991. 

Fig. 4. Arrhenius plot for Ag/a-AbOj H2O (17), CO2 (45), acrolein (56), and PO (58) production from a simultaneous pulse of propene and oxygen.

Fig. 2. Redistribution of repair patches relative to free DNA domains in poly(ADP-ribose)-depleted and control hepatocytes. After a 24 hr adaptation period in the presence or absence of 8 mM benzamide [poly(ADP-ribose) depletion, see text], primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were exposed to 50 uM AAAF and newly synthesized repair patches were simultaneously pulse>labeled with [methyl- H] thymidine for 20 min. Incorporation of radioactivity was stopped by extensive washes with medium containing unlabeled thymidine, followed by a chase in the continuous presence or absence of benzamide. Then free DNA domains were isolated and analyzed for their content of radioactively labeled repair patches (2). The values (Redistribution of Repair Patches) reflect the relative accumulation of repair patches in free DNA (value = 1 no accumulation value >1 accumulation 2). Black bars, control shaded bars, poly(ADP-ribose) depletion, n = 4, mean SEM, p < 0.01.

Kukli K., Ritala M., Leskelae M. Atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition of tantalum oxide by successive and simultaneous pulsing of tantalum ethoxide and tantalum chloride. Chem. Mater. 2000 12 1914-1920... 

THl is pulsed to allow a packet of ions into the drift cell (10-40 p,s wide, 50-100 Hz). The signal generator sends a simultaneous pulse to the instrument time to digital converter (TDC) card, which signals the software to start the IMS experiment. 

CPMG-INEPT blocks where a train of simultaneous pulses are... 

This final point is exemplified in Figure 21.5, which shows the measurement of a flow injection peak of NIST 1643C potable water CRM, using an automated simultaneous pulse/analog EDR system. It can be seen that the K and Ca are at ppm levels, which requires the use of the analog counting circuitry, whereas the Pb and Cd are at ppb... 

The CO oxidation reaction is studied in a fix-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and temperatures in the range 333-413 K. A mixture 1% CO, 1% O2, 40% H2 (He balance) is passed through the catalytic bed. Transient experiments are carried ont in a TAP-2 reactor where single pulses or simultaneous pulsing of reactants are performed at 473 K after the sample is outgassed in vacuum at the same temperature for 1 h. 

By pulsing CO and O2 over the catalysts on the TAP reactor, it is revealed that both molecttles are adsorbed reversibly on the surface. The lower conversions obtained when CO, O2 and H2 are simultaneously pulsed over the catalysts compared with those obtained in the fix bed reactor, are due to thermal effects and heat transfer differences in both types of experiments. In spite of that, a shift to longer times is observed for the maximttm of the CO2 peak signal compared to the transient responses of reactants. This shift suggests that H2O derived species, which are formed by oxidation of H2, and bicarbonate species, which are related to the -OH of the support, are involved on the reaction mechanism. 

The PS-4 ultrasonic examination system provides many new features, which allows the operator to perform several inspections simultaneously. Both pulse-echo and time-of-flight-diffraction technique can be applied together with storage of digital A-scan data at the same time. 

Figure Al.6.30. (a) Two pulse sequence used in the Tannor-Rice pump-dump scheme, (b) The Husuni time-frequency distribution corresponding to the two pump sequence in (a), constmcted by taking the overlap of the pulse sequence with a two-parameter family of Gaussians, characterized by different centres in time and carrier frequency, and plotting the overlap as a fiinction of these two parameters. Note that the Husimi distribution allows one to visualize both the time delay and the frequency offset of pump and dump simultaneously (after [52a]).

The original method employed was to scan eitiier the frequency of the exciting oscillator or to scan the applied magnetic field until resonant absorption occiined. Flowever, compared to simultaneous excitation of a wide range of frequencies by a short RF pulse, the scanned approach is a very time-inefficient way of recording the spectrum. Flence, with the advent of computers that could be dedicated to spectrometers and efficient Fourier transfomi (FT) algoritluns, pulsed FT NMR became the nomial mode of operation. 

In the previous chapters experiments have been discussed in which one frequency is applied to excite and detect an EPR transition. In multiple resonance experiments two or more radiation fields are used to induce different transitions simultaneously [19, 20, 21, 22 and 23], These experiments represent elaborations of standard CW and pulsed EPR spectroscopy, and are often carried out to complement conventional EPR studies, or to refine the infonnation which can in principle be obtained from them. 

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