Routine Matters

Maintenance can be scheduled on a time basis or, more accurately, on the basis of the number of mouldings produced. The latter more accurately reflects the wear on the machine. Injection moulding machines can be equipped with shot meters to facilitate this type of maintenance cycle. Software is available to support and monitor routine maintenance in the injection moulding industry. 

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As might be expected, this simple picture does not hold perfectly. The coefficient of friction tends to increase with increasing velocity and also is smaller if the pavement is wet [14]. On a wet road, /x may be as small as 0.2, and, in fact, one of the principal reasons for patterning the tread and sides of the tire is to prevent the confinement of a water layer between the tire and the road surface. Similarly, the texture of the road surface is important to the wet friction behavior. Properly applied, however, measurements of skid length provide a conservative estimate of the speed of the vehicle when the brakes are first applied, and it has become a routine matter for data of this kind to be obtained at the scene of a serious accident. 

On a sparse Monday, at several tables, young professionals met for dinner, still dressed in the athletic shoes that got them to and from their offices, to discuss the more routine matters that make people friends. It was an off-night for the gay boulevarding on Eighth Avenue, which crowds it like a parade on weekends and in good weather. 

Transmission electron microscopy is one of the techniques most often used for the characterization of catalysts. In general, detection of supported particles is possible, provided that there is sufficient contrast between particles and support - a limitation that may impede applications of TEM on well-dispersed supported oxides. The determination of particle sizes or of distributions therein is now a routine matter, although it rests on the assumption that the size of the imaged particle is truly proportional to the size of the actual particle and that the detection probability is the same for all particles, independent of their dimensions. 

The HPLC pump draws the mobile phase from the reservoir via vacuum action. In the process, air dissolved in the mobile phase may withdraw from the liquid and form bubbles in the flow stream unless such air is removed from the liquid in advance. Air in the flow stream is undesirable because it can cause a wide variety of problems, such as poor pump performance or poor detector response. Removing air from the mobile phase, called degassing, in advance of the chromatography is a routine matter, however, and can be done in one of several ways 1) helium sparging, 2) ultrasonic agitation, 3) drawing a vacuum over the surface of the liquid, or 4) a combination of numbers 2 and 3. 

Warm up with nonbusiness issues and routine matters such as the witness s name, position, and years at the company. This allows the witness to answer some easy, simple questions and overcome initial jitters before getting into the body of the interview. 

As a consequence of OSC s responsibility for contract negotiations, PMCD s authority in the procurement process is diluted. Moreover, having OSC as a participant in the procurement process adds to the time needed for processing routine matters. 

Design of the reactor is no routine matter, and many alternatives can be proposed for a process. In searching for the optimum it is not just the cost of the reactor that must be minimized. One design may have low reactor cost, but the materials leaving the unit may be such that their treatment requires a much higher cost than alternative designs. Hence, the economics of the overall process must be considered. 

In order to obtain detailed structure, a knowledge of diffraction intensities is essential, the intensities being related to the structure factor. Computer-controlled single-crystal X-ray diffractometers with structure (software) packages have made structure elucidation a routine matter. The availability of synchrotron X-radiation of continuously variable wavelength has made X-ray diffraction a still more powerful structural tool for the study of solids. A technique of great utility to solid state chemists is the Rietveld treatment of powder X-ray diffraction profiles (Rietveld, 1969 Manohar, 1983). Automated structure packages for the determination of unknown structures by this method are now commercially available (see section 2.2.3). In Fig. 2.1, we show a typical set of profile data. 

Both case-control and convenience-cohort studies will be biased if the recall of diagnosed patients systematically differs from the recall of others. For instance, case group members, who are struggling to determine why they have a disease, probably recall differently than controls, who may be in the hospital for more routine matters. 

Calculation of partition functions for reactants is a routine matter if a complete... 

In practice, many of the conditions of measurement in practical chemical measurement are specified in terms of physical measurements. So, too, are many of the inputs to a given calculation. Though the establishment of traceability in these fields has been far from trivial, it is now essentially a routine matter for laboratories to obtain suitable calibrated equipment for measuring quantities such as length, volume, mass, temperature and time. The problem for most laboratories is related to their chemical reference values for amount of substance measurements. 

Application of natural products to pest control is subject to similar considerations to those that affect synthetic compounds. Elucidation of structure may be a relatively routine matter, but synthesis may present difficulties, particularly where there are several stereochemical possibilities. There are often great differences in biological activity among different stereoisomers and the presence of Inactive Isomers in a product may be undesirable. However, such technical problems can be overcome as in the case of the synthetic pyrethroids where specific stereoisomers of high purity are now produced on a commercial scale. 

For results like those presented in Schemes 4.82-4.85, the routine, matter-of-fact style of regular publications seems almost inappropriate. Here we are dealing with an outstanding discovery. The previously unimaginable creation of a molecular vessel to perform chemical reactions between isolated molecules was finally achieved and thus brought unprecedented opportunities for the future development of organic chemistry. "... 

Our concern in the last chapter was to get a feel for the way in which the reaction rate varies with composition and temperature. Here we wish to sec how the composition varies in time as the reaction proceeds isothermally in a batch reactor. When we come to discuss different types of reactor we shall have to deal with variations of temperature and hence of the rate constants, but here they will be assumed to be constant throughout the reaction. The reaction rate will depend only on the composition, but this of course will vary during the reaction and we shall have to solve differential equations. Sometimes we shall work with the extent of reaction, sometimes with concentrations of reactants or products. No apology is made for this variety of approach since it is important that the student be versatile with the use of different variables and develop an eye for those that will give the simplest form of a solution. The use of the extent is a routine matter, useful for avoiding mistakes in complex situations, but in simpler cases it is often possible to write down the differential equations for concentrations by inspection. From Sec. 5.2 onward, the rate constants will be denoted by lower case fc s with a variety of suffixes, the concentrations by or the lower case letter corresponding to the species. 

A combination of modelling and measurement activities has been developed in order to achieve effective emission reductions or in order to monitor the progress in terms of deposition (Erisman et al 2001). While in America and Western Europe the measurement of air pollution has become practically a routine matter for Eastern European countries this is a present-day task. There are many observations in the literature that refer to the importance of wet deposition analysis, in most of Europe, North America and Asia, for obtaining information on the contribution of industrial activities to atmospheric deposition (Agrawal and Singh, 2001 Gao et al., 2001 Nilles and Conley, 2001). 

Once the weights are fixed, setting up the mills of least squares-as these are fixed by what is to be minimized-is purely a routine matter. Some would call this objectivity others-the writer included—would prefer thoughtlessness and would not like to encourage its occurrence. 

In lubrication with a liquid, the rheology of the lubricant at the functioning site is the dominant behavior transportation of the lubricant to that site, z.g. a bearing or a gear, by piping or spray nozzle is on the whole a routine matter and rarely affects the selection... 

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