Similarity partial

Similarly, partially fluorinated and perfluorinated methylenecyclopropanes [57, 52], cyclopropenes [55, 84, 55], cyclobutenes [75, 56], and bicychc alkenes [57, 55, 59, 90] apparently denve dienophilic reactivity from relief of their ground-state strain during reaction Thus 2,2-difluoromethylenecyclopropane and perfluoromethylenecyclopropane undergo exclusive [244] cycloadditions [57, 52] (equations 72 and 73), whereas (difluoromethylene)cyclopropane undergoes only [24-2] cycloadditions [57]... 

Similar partial hydrogenations were described to take place by electrochemical reductions.213 214... 

Similar partial molar additivity relationships can be derived for any extensive property X X = nAXA + nBXB + (constant T, P) (6.21)... 

Prostatic acid phosphatase is reversibly inactivated by p-mercuri-benzoate and by Cu2+ and Fe3+ (59). In contrast to red cell acid phosphatase, prostatic acid phosphatase is only partially inactivated even after prolonged periods of incubation at high concentrations of p-mercuri-benzoate. Addition of cysteine to the p-mercuribenzoate-treated enzyme produces complete reactivation. Binding of SH groups by p-mercuri-benzoate renders the enzyme more labile to thermal denaturation, but no difference is obtained with surface inactivation (23). Similar partial inactivation with Cu2+ is also subject to reactivation. 

Time-dependent flux decline is plotted in Figure 8. The C02 permeation rate, in units of SCFH/ft2.100 psi, was calculated from performance data for the fifteen elements in series. This rate corresponds to that which would be obtained for pure CO2 under similar partial pressure differences. After an initial (40 hrs) nonlinear flux decline, the C02 rate experienced a 10% loss over the next 1,000 hours (40 days). As this flux decline is a log/log relationship, only 6% more would be lost over the next three years, the minimum expected element lifetime. Membrane systems can be easily designed to adapt to a changing permeation rate by adjusting the feed flow rates and/or pressure, by allowing for addition of more elements in series after a period of time, and by using a progressive element replacement schedule. 

Michael additions of C-nudeophiles such as the indanone 1 have been the subject of numerous further studies For example, the reaction between the indanone 1 and methyl vinyl ketone was effected by a solid-phase-bound quinine derivative in 85% yield and with remarkable 87% ee by d Angelo, Cave et al. [5], Co-polymers of cinchona alkaloids with acrylonitrile effected the same transformation Kobaya-shi and Iwai [6a] achieved 92% yield and 42% ee and Oda et al. [6b] achieved almost quantitative yield and up to 65% ee. Similarly, partially resolved 2-(hydroxy-methyl)quinudidine was found to catalyze the reaction between 1 and acrolein and a-isopropyl acrolein with induction of asymmetry, but no enantiomeric excesses were determined [7]. As shown in Scheme 4.4, the indanone 7 could be added to MVK with up to 80% ee under phase-transfer conditions, by use of the Cinchona-derived PT-catalysts 9a and 9b, affording the Michael-product 8 or enf-8, respectively [8]. The adducts 8 or ent-8 were intermediates in the stereoselective Robinson anellation of a cydohexenone ring to the indanone 7 [8],... 

Similarly, partial desilylation is observed during the Peterson annelation reaction (see Section VI.B.3.b) starting from an A-[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]azetidinone.255... 

Distinction is made between approaches for assessment of whole mixtures and component-based approaches. The most accurate assessment results are obtained by using toxicity data on the mixture of concern. If these are not available, alternatives can be used, such as the concept of sufficient similarity, (partial) characterization of mixtures, and component-based methods. Which method is most suitable depends on the situation at hand. A single mixture assessment method that always provides accurate risk estimates is not available. 

Even without the effects of cross correlation, the assumption of a single correlation time for a given relaxation mechanism is usually oversimplified, as we indicated in Section 8.1. Figure 8.8a shows partially relaxed spectra resulting from an inversion-recovery pulse sequence (Section 2.9) for the 13C spins in a small organic molecule. It is apparent that the values of Tx are somewhat different, because the null times vary from one carbon atom to another. From the analysis of similar partially relaxed spectra, the values of T, (13C) shown in Fig. 8.8b and c have been obtained for phenol and n-decanol. Both molecules tumble rapidly in... 

Similar partial-differential-integral equations can be written down for the... 

Sarofim and Pohl (16) used this same technique and found fair agreement with their data on premixed, atmospheric pressure flat flames. Iverach et al, 17) used a similar partial equilibrium assumption to correlate their data on hydrocarbon flames and found good agreement under fuel-lean (excess air) conditions. Poor agreement was observed under fuel-rich conditions unreasonably large radical concentrations were required to make the Zeldovich mechanism account for the measured NO. Iverach, therefore, suggested that reactions such as those proposed by Fenimore may be important under fuel-rich conditions. 

The second set of descriptors describes hydrophobic surface properties of a molecule. As with the first set, the second set contains similar partial hydrophobic and partial hydrophilic surface area descriptors (PPHS-%and PNHS-%, respectively), differences in partial surface area descriptors (FPHS-% and FNHS-%), as well as total surface area weighted descriptors (WPHS-x and WNHS-%). In addition, two descriptors assessing the most hydrophobic atom and the most hydrophilic atom on the overall lipophilicity are also described (RPH and RNH). The atom-based fractional log P contributions used for calculations are those of Wildman and Crippen [37] and... 

Other noticeable hydrogenation processes are selective hydrogenation of alkynes, e.g., acetylene, to cw-alkenes, and similar partial hydrogenation processes. For partial hydrogenation, catalysts with reduced activity are required. Available catalysts include Lindlar s catalyst, a palladium catalyst partially poisoned with Pd and CaC03, and the nickel bromide catalyst, i.e., a NaBH4 reduced NiBr2. ... 

The ability of PrPres to induce the conversion of PrPc to PrPres was initially demonstrated in cell-free reactions in which brain-derived PrPres was incubated with radioactively labeled PrPc, which, under suitable conditions, bound to the PrPres and became similarly partially protease-resistant [2], These first generation cell-free conversion (CFC) reactions were shown to be highly specific in ways that correlated with prion transmission barriers [3-7] and strains [8]. However, the newly generated PrPres was usually substoichiometric relative to the initial PrPres seed, and was not demonstrably associated with new infectivity [9]. As a result, these CFC reactions (reviewed in [10]) were not suitable for sensitive detection of PrPres or prions. 

Similarly, partial reaction currents in electroless copper-plating solution can be extracted using electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (EQCM) to in situ monitor the rate of copper deposition under open-circuit conditions and as a function of the electrode potential... 

Similarly, partial differentiation of the component-material balances [Eq. (2-18)], A, v, = -/i, with respect to Tk gives... 

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