Silicon Solid-state Chemistry

Silicon Solid-state Chemistry.—Contrary to the pattern adopted in previous volumes, the chemistry of aluminosilicates and zeolites will not be discussed here the data published during the period of this Report associated with these materials are considered in detail in Chapter 3. In this section, silicon dioxide and the silicates will be described separately emphasis will be laid on the inorganic chemistry of these compounds, and papers describing solely their catalytic, adsorption, diffusion, and other similar properties will not be considered. 

Silicon Solid-state Chemistry. Following the pattern set in the previous volume, this aspect of silicon chemistry will be subdivided into four sections in which the literature published on silicon dioxide, silicates, aluminosilicates, and zeolites is described separately. In all four sections, emphasis will be laid on the inorganic chemistry of these materials, and papers describing solely their... 

Such is the richness and intellectual vibrancy of the field of RI chemistry that an additional book was needed to cover silicon, germanium and tin centered RFs, as well as tetrahedral intermediates and topics of increasing importance such as quantum mechanical tunelling, conical intersections, solid-state chemistry, and combustion chemistry. These topics are covered in this new book. 

One of the early applications of STM was in understanding surfaces of silicon (e.g. dangling bonds). Many applications of the technique of direct relevance to solid state chemistry have since been described in the literature (Dai Lieber, 1993 Lieber, 1994). We shall illustrate these applications by means of a few figures. In Fig. 2.26 we show the image of a solid solution which clearly delineates the two molecules... 

Interpolation or intercalation (see Intercalation Chemistry) is said to occur when additional species are placed into a host stmcture to change either composition or properties. At one extreme, intercalation can refer to the insertion of gnest molecnles into cage stmctures such as that of the zeolites (see Zeolites), or between the layers of laminated compounds snch as the clays (see Silicon Inorganic Chemistry). At the other extreme, the insertion of small atoms snch as C or N into metal phases to form interstitial alloys (see Alloys Carbides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Nitrides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry), is inclnded in the category. A large variety of stmctures can be found in snch materials, and... 

The second example comes from solid-state chemistry, and the coimection with cluster chemistry is less obvious. Despite this, it is an excellent example of how E/M variation can lead to systematic variation in structure and, consequently, to properties. Although the example is taken from solid-state metal borides, the silicides see Silicon Inorganic Chemistry) and phosphides (see Phosphides Solid-state Chemistry) could have been used. 

Aluminum Inorganic Chemistry Oxides Solid-state Chemistry Silicon Inorganic Chemistry Solids Characterization by Powder Diffraction. 

The Si NMR spectrum of xonothte [10,24] and the structure of the silicate double chain anion involved. (Oxygen atoms are omitted). Q" refers to the number of tetrahedra to which the silicon atom is joined by sharing oxygen at a comer Reproduced from A.R. West, Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, copyright John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, 1984, with permission. 

Kalinina AA, Sokhor MI, Shamrai FI (1971) Izv Akad Nauk SSSR, Neorg Mat 7 778 (a) Gugel E, Kieffer R, Leimer G, Ettmayer P (1972) Investigation in the ternary system boron-carbon-silicon. Nat Bur Stand Spec Publ, Solid State Chemistry, Proc 5 " Mat Res Symp 364 505 (b) Kieffer R, Gugel E, Leimer G, Ettmayer P (1972) Ber Dt Keram Ges 49 41... 

One of the most important advances in solid state chemistry is the development of silicon-based materials. The Silicon Valley is where the semiconductor industry was bom scientists worked very hard to learn how to purify silicon and arrange the silicon atoms in such a way that they can be used to make a computer chip. At the heart of every single computer, and most electronic devices, is silicon. Just look aroimd you and imagine a world without silicon, it would be a very different place. 

TM=tetrel complexes (1) W. Petz, Chem. Rea, 86, 1019 (1986). Transition Metal Complexes with Derivatives of Divalent Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead as Ligands, (m) W. A. Herrmann, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 25, 56 (1986). Multiple Bonds Between Transition Metals and Bare Main Group Elements Links Between Inorganic Solid State Chemistry and Organometallic Chemistry. 

Silicon shows a rich variety of chemical properties and it lies at the heart of much modern technology/ Indeed, it ranges from such bulk commodities as concrete, clays and ceramics, through more chemically modified systems such as soluble silicates, glasses and glazes to the recent industries based on silicone polymers and solid-state electronics devices. The refined technology of ultrapure silicon itself is perhaps the most elegant example of the close relation between chemistry and solid-state physics and has led to numerous developments such as the transistor, printed circuits and microelectronics (p. 332). 

During the course of the last century, it was realized that many properties of solids are controlled not so much by the chemical composition or the chemical bonds linking the constituent atoms in the crystal but by faults or defects in the structure. Over the course of time the subject has, if anything, increased in importance. Indeed, there is no aspect of the physics and chemistry of solids that is not decisively influenced by the defects that occur in the material under consideration. The whole of the modem silicon-based computer industry is founded upon the introduction of precise amounts of specific impurities into extremely pure crystals. Solid-state lasers function because of the activity of impurity atoms. Battery science, solid oxide fuel cells, hydrogen storage, displays, all rest upon an understanding of defects in the solid matrix. 

The following review is concerned with the synthetic and structural chemistry of molecular alumo-siloxanes, which combine in a molecular entity the elements aluminum and silicon connected by oxygen. They may be regarded as molecular counterparts of alumo-silicates, which have attracted considerable attention owing to their solid-state cage structures (see for example zeolites).1 3 Numerous applications have been found for these solid-state materials for instance the holes and pores can be used in different separation techniques.4,5 Recently the channel and pore structures of zeolites and other porous materials have been used as templates for nano-structured materials and for catalytical purposes.6 9... 

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