Solid characterization

Vapor pressure is an important property of liquids, and to a much lesser extent, of solids. If a liquid is allowed to evaporate in a confined space, tlie pressure of Uie vapor phase increases as Uie amount of vapor increases. If Uiere is sufficient liquid present, Uie pressure in Uie vapor space eventually comes to equal exacUy Uie pressure exerted by the liquid at its own surface. At Uiis point, a dynamic equilibrium exists in wliich vaporization and condensation take place at equal rates and Uie pressure in Uie vapor space remains constant. The pressure exerted at equilibrium is called Uie vapor pressure of the liquid. Solids, like liquids, also exert a vapor pressure. EvaporaUon of solids (sublimaUon) is noUccable only for Uie few solids characterized by appreciable vapor pressures. 

This technique is the most widely used and the most useful for the characterization of molecular species in solution. Nowadays, it is also one of the most powerful techniques for solids characterizations. Solid state NMR techniques have been used for the characterization of platinum particles and CO coordination to palladium. Bradley extended it to solution C NMR studies on nanoparticles covered with C-enriched carbon monoxide [47]. In the case of ruthenium (a metal giving rise to a very small Knight shift) and for very small particles, the presence of terminal and bridging CO could be ascertained [47]. In the case of platinum and palladium colloids, indirect evidence for CO coordination was obtained by spin saturation transfer experiments [47]. 

An ionic crystal is a solid characterized by a regular, ordered arrangement of ions in three-dimensional space. The specific geometrical arrangement of the ions is controlled by... 

In contrast to crystalline solids characterized by translational symmetry, the vibrational properties of liquid or amorphous materials are not easily described. There is no firm theoretical interpretation of the heat capacity of liquids and glasses since these non-crystalline states lack a periodic lattice. While this lack of long-range order distinguishes liquids from solids, short-range order, on the other hand, distinguishes a liquid from a gas. Overall, the vibrational density of state of a liquid or a glass is more diffuse, but is still expected to show the main characteristics of the vibrational density of states of a crystalline compound. 

Parry, E.P. An infrared study of pyridine adsorbed on acidic solids. Characterization of surface acidity. J. Catal. 1963, 2, 371-379. 

Metallic Solid type of solid characterized by delocalized electrons and metal atoms occupying lattice points Metalloid elements have properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals Mixture combination of two or more substances where the individual substances maintain their identity Moderator a material such as graphite or deuterium used to slow down neutrons in nuclear reactors... 

Poly(", -ethyl L-glutamate) (0.10 g), prepared by the polymerization of the corresponding NCA, was allowed to swell in DMA (0.8 mL) and ferrocenylmethylamine 104 (0.2 g) was added. The viscous orange soln was heated to 75 °C for 18 h, then cooled, and diluted with EtOH (5mL) and Et20 (20 mL). The ferrocene-modified polypeptide 105 (0.10 g) formed a dark orange solid characterized by elemental analysis, which gave 6.0% of iron IR (KBr) vCq 1725, 1640,1530 cm-1. 

Purify the crude residue by flash chromatography using hexanes EtOAc (97 3). Pure cyclopropane 15 (208 mg, 92%) is obtained as a white solid. Characterize the product by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, m.p., [a]D, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. 

Lozano-Castello D, Cazorla-Amords D, and Linares-Solano A. Microporous solid characterization Use of classical and New techniques. Chem. Eng. Technol., 2003 26 852-857. 

Here the standard state is the bulk adsorptive (liquid or solid) characterized by its molar energy (u ) and entropy (s ) and the saturation pressure p . 

A solid characterized by a regular, ordered arrangement of particles. 

Although the initial discovery was based on only 17 atoms, several isotopes are known and a few solids characterized Es02, EsC13, EsOCl, and Esl2. 

Alloys Borates Solid-state Chemistry Carbides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Chalcogenides Solid-state Chemistry Diffraction Methods in Inorganic Chemistry Electronic Structure of Solids Fluorides Solid-state Chemistry Halides Solid-state Chemistry Intercalation Chemistry Ionic Conductors Magnetic Oxides Magnetism of Extended Arrays in Inorganic Solids Nitrides Transition Metal Solid-state Chemistry Noncrystalline Solids Oxide Catalysts in Solid-state Chemistry Oxides Solid-state Chemistry Quasicrystals Semiconductor Interfaces Solids Characterization by Powder Diffraction Solids Computer Modeling Superconductivity Surfaces. 

Based in part on the article Solids Characterization by Powder Diffraction by Anthony K. Cheetham which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition. 

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