Signs comprehension

Creaser, J., Manser, M., Rakauskas, M. and Donath, M. 2010. Sign comprehension, considering rotation and location, using random gap simulator for cooperative intersection collision avoidance system—Stop sign assist CICAS-SSA Report 4 (CTS 10-34). Minneapolis, MN Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota. 

There are also individual differences in sign comprehension, and different types of drivers may be differentially familiar with different signs. For example, older drivers seem to have more difficulties in sign comprehension than younger ones (Dewar et al, 1994 Jones, 1992). Cultural differences also contribute to individual differences in sign comprehension. A poignant example is provided by Dudek et al. (1996) who surveyed international tourists in... 

Florida and found that the question mark symbol ( ) used to designate tourist information was not understood as such by most of them. This is quite a problem, considering that this sign was designed to aid this very specific population. Lest we conclude that this problem is unique to Florida tourists, in a much earlier study with Canadian students, Dewar and Ells (1977), also obtained extreme variability in sign comprehension, and one of the signs that was misunderstood by all respondents was the European tourist information sign. 

Figure 5-8. Signs used in an international sign comprehension study. The actual colors and the countries using the sign are indicated for each sign. For the meaning of each sign refer to Table 5-7 (from Shinar et aL, 2003, with permission from Taylor Francis Group, Ltd.).

Ben-Bassat, T. and D. Shinar (2007). Ergonomic guidelines for traffic signs design increase signs comprehension. Hum. Fact., 48(1), 182-195. 

Shinar, D. (2001). Traffic sign comprehension by young and old drivers in naturalistic environments. Proceedings of the Traffic Safety in Three Continents conference, September 19-21. Moscow, Russia. 

Table 7-4. Sign comprehension (a) and sign comprehension time (b) for younger and older drivers (from Shinar, 2001).

This most comprehensive agreement, with 178 nations party to it (signed, though not yet ratified, by the USA), charges countries wherein hazardous waste is produced with responsibility for the safe disposal of such products, while banning... 

There has been no comprehensive evaluation of neurological function in animals after oral exposure to hexachloroethane. The data are limited primarily to clinical signs immediately after exposure and to histopathological evaluations of the brain tissues, which showed no effects. The highest NOAEL values and all LOAEL values from each reliable study for neurological effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Table 2-2 and Figure 2-2. 

Remember that these symptoms and signs could also point to other problems besides drugs, so make sure to get a comprehensive assessment ... 

There are specific symptoms that family members, friends, coworkers and professionals can look for to help determine whether there are other problems besides drug use. Identifying other mental or physical health concerns can help a person advocate for specialized services for a client or his or her loved one, friend, or coworker in order to provide for the best care possible. However, identification of these signs or symptoms only warns there may be another problem — it does not tell you what the problem may be. If signs of other problems are noted, you should recommend a comprehensive evaluation by a professional trained in this type of assessment (e.g., a clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, or mental health professional with similar skills) if you do not feel ready to make that assessment yourself. That way you will know for sure what your client needs help with. 

On the basis of a comprehensive ECD study of chiral 2-alkyl-substituted piperidines92, such as (S -a-pipecoline [(5 )-2-methylpiperazine, (5 )-102] and their TV-methyl derivatives [(5)-103] in ethanol, the sign of the strong, long-wavelength CE near 200 nm, shifted to... 

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