Side bias

Figure C2.16.7. A schematic energy band diagram of a p-n junction witliout external bias (a) and under forward bias (b). Electrons and holes are indicated witli - and + signs, respectively. It should be remembered tliat tlie energy of electrons increases by moving up, holes by moving down. Electrons injected into tlie p side of tlie junction become minority carriers. Approximate positions of donor and acceptor levels and tlie Feniii level, are indicated.

HBT Device Characteristics. The HBT consists of two back-to-back n—p diodes. In the most typical configuration the emitter—base diode is forward biased, with the coUector-base diode reverse biased. Because the current ia a forward-biased n—p diode is exponentiaUy dependent on the bias, smaU changes ia the emitter-base voltage result ia large changes ia the emitter current. The current across the emitter-base junction is a combination of the electrons iajected iato the base and the holes iajected iato the emitter. If the diode was semi-infinite to each side, the electron current density,/, could be expressed as foUows (44), where q is the electron charge, Vis the bias across the diode, kT... 

Two-BIa.de Coaters. In order to coat both sides of a web simultaneously, two flexible blade coaters can be used back-to-back, ie, with both blades pressing against each other and the web between them. The web usually travels vertically upward. Different coatings can be appHed on each side of the web. The blades tend to be thinner and more flexible than the standard blades and the angle to the web is lower. The web has to have sufficient tensile strength to be pulled through the nip. 

Beta strands can also combine into mixed P sheets with some P strand pairs parallel and some antiparallel. There is a strong bias against mixed P sheets only about 20% of the strands inside the p sheets of known protein structures have parallel bonding on one side and antiparallel bonding on the other. Figure 2.7 illustrates how the hydrogen bonds between the p strands are arranged in a mixed P sheet. 

The flip side of consumer bias is that some people argue that only fluorescent lamps should be used in buildings. This attitude, while well iiitentioued, is based on an unsophisticated knowledge of the performance of lighting systems. As previously discussed, the efficacy of a lighting system cannot be characterized by lamp efficacy alone. For example, although a fluorescent lamp and ballast may produce... 

In Eq. (14.16), the sign of the right hand side equals that of the applied bias. The total charge in the semiconductor, Qt, is related to the electric field at the insula-tor-semiconductor interface, F according to Gauss s law ... 

Had the calculated value for t been less than 1.80 then there would have been no significance in the results and no apparent bias in the laboratory procedure, as the tables would have indicated a probability of greater than 1 in 10 of obtaining that value. It should be pointed out that these values refer to what is known as a double-sided, or two-tailed, distribution because it concerns probabilities of values both less and greater than the mean. In some calculations an analyst may only be interested in one of these two cases, and under these conditions the -test becomes single-tailed so that the probability from the tables is halved. 

M-Acyliminium cyclizations of optically active mono- and di-oxygenated hydroxylactam derivatives have been used in the synthesis of a number of natural products. In case of a five-membered lactam the oxygen function adjacent to the iminium carbon directs attack of the internal nucleophile from the least hindered side, opposite to the substituent. In the examples given the size of the newly formed ring is determined by the electronic bias of the alkene substituent. 

Mehta et al. also studied the facial selectivities of exo-substituted 7-norbomenones 15a and 15b, which exhibit steric bias with respect to the anti side of the n face (with respect to the exo substituent) [76, 77]. In the reduction with sodium borohy-dride, high anti preference (more than 85%) was observed in the parent derivative 15a. Weak electron-withdrawing substituents (CH OCH, CH OAc, COONa) also showed anti preference, the magnitude being comparable to that in the case of the parent compound (15a) this is indicative of the steric bias of 15a. In the case of a strong electron-withdrawing substituent (di- or mono-CO CH, CN), the syn preference of addition was increased, becoming predominant in some cases (di-CO CHj (15b) syn. anti = 55 45 mono-CO CH synianti = 32 68 mono-CN syn anti =... 

FIGURE 26.27 Side force coefficient as function of c (Equation 26.17c) for a bias tire for different loads. The solid line is the function of the brush model. (From Schallamach, A. and Grosch, K.A., Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires, S.K. Clark (ed.), The US Department of Transportation, National Highway Safety Administration, Washington DV, data from Nordeen, D.L. and Cortese, A.D., Trans S.A.E., 72, 325, 1964.)... 

A pH/Ion-meter with a resolution of only 0.1 mV is not sufficient because the ensuing quantization noise introduces an apparent deviation of at least 0.2%, and, more important in this particular case, these systematic effects lead to a bias that is strongly dependent on small shifts in 0. (See Fig. 4.24, left side.)... 

PROS REJECT jcls Section 3.6, Fig. 1.29 In a production environment there are often several superimposed processes that yield measurement series like that depicted in the lower panel there is drift that unexpectedly changes slope, there is bias and measurement noise, and there are operators who take corrective action. The model includes the probability of drift occurring and a feed-back loop that permits both positive and negative coefficients. The operators can be ordered to react if a single value exceeds a set limit, or only if 2, 3, or more successive values do so. The program calculates the two-sided (asymmetric) total probability of a value being OOS and depicts this in the upper panel on a log(p) scale. The red horizontal is the upper limit on the total risk as set in cell B20. 

Concerns about psychotropic side effects, which can vary cross-culturally, often lead to premature cessation of psychotropics. This may be related to different propensities for and values placed on somatic experiences in different cultures. Transcultural research indicates that patients from non-Western cultures are more likely to present with predominantly somatic symptoms of psychiatric disorders (Ng, 1997 Parker, Gladstone 8c Chee, 2001), as cultural explanatory models and social demands may serve to bias information processing in the various domains of subjective experience (Angel 8c Thoits, 1987). Several studies have shown that the perception and reporting of side effects are influenced by cultural beliefs... 

On the plus side, the integration of the error allows us to detect and eliminate very small errors. To make a simple explanation of why integral control can eliminate offsets, refer back to our intuitive explanation of offset with only a proportional controller. If we desire e = 0 at steady state, and to shift controller output p away from the previous bias ps, we must have a nonzero term. Here, it is provided by the integral in Eq. (5-5). That is, as time progresses, the integral term takes on a final nonzero value, thus permitting the steady state error to stay at zero. 

Systematic deviations (errors) displace the individual results of measurement one-sided to higher or lower values, thus leading to incorrect results. In contrast to random deviations, it is possible to avoid or eliminate systematic errors if their causes become known. The existence and magnitude of systematic deviations are characterized by the bias. The bias of a measured result is defined as a consistent difference between the measured value ytest and the true value ytrue ... 

Since the scatter of experimental points for total conversion is both above and below the curve for the demineralized sample, it is not possible to assign the behaviour of the untreated coal to either catalyst blinding or enhanced catalytic effects. With regard to the yield of bitumen (Fig. 8), the bias on the high side in yield could be interpreted to suggest that some catalytic... 

The experiments should preferably be performed under sink conditions (e.g., the drug concentration on the receiver side should be less than 10% of the concentration on the donor side during an experiment) in order to avoid bias by back-diffusion of significant amount of compound from the receiver chamber and to... 

Under +1 V of forward bias (Fig. lid), there is no pathway for current flow. At +2 V, however, the orbitals have adjusted to give a downhill path from MA to acceptor to donor to MD, and Aviram-Ratner current flows. On the reverse bias side, however, two pathways exist for current flow at —1 V (Fig. 1 lb) as well as —2 V (Fig. 11a). These pathways (Fig. 11a, b) are asymmetric rectification via HOMO and via LUMO, and they are in the anti-Aviram-Ratner direction, i.e., from donor to acceptor. This could allow for anti-Aviram-Ratner rectification under moderate biases. Note, however, that the electrons in Fig. 11a, b must tunnel over longer distances than those in Fig. lie, because there is only one way-station, instead of two. The Aviram-Ratner current flow under the higher bias of Fig. lie could therefore be much more intense than the reverse flow of Fig. 1 lb or 1 la. 

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