The receiver side

The current induced in the coil during signal detection is amplified immediately after passing the transmit-receive switch (Fig. 2.3.1). It is then split into two channels by a power divider. The resultant two signals are fed to mixers, which multiply the received 

Transformation into the rotating coordinate frame If the received signal 

The low-pass filter following the signal multipliers eliminates the contribution at the sum frequency. Hereby half of the signal is lost. The other half, which oscillates at the difference frequency 2o = coq — Wrf, is retained. The complex sum of the respective x-and y-components is the quadrature receiver signal, 

Both quadrature components can be obtained in the rotating frame, although only one component is received in the laboratory frame. If both quadrature laboratory components were derived from the resonator, no signals at the sum frequency would be observed after multiplication with the reference wave. Consequently, no signal intensity would be lost, and the full signal would appear at the difference frequency i2o. 

The signal (2.3.12) is in the audio-frequency regime, where it can be sampled via analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) and stored in a computer for further processing and display. Generally, the response is acquired at equidistant sampling intervals At. The 

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Two usehil measures of the performance of a sound-isolating constmction are sound transmission loss (TL) and noise reduction (AIR). Sound transmission loss is defined as follows, where IH is the incident sound power (Watts) on the source side of the specimen, and W is the transmitted sound power on the receiving side (7). 

Another possibility of constructing a chiral membrane system is to prepare a solution of the chiral selector which is retained between two porous membranes, acting as an enantioselective liquid carrier for the transport of one of the enantiomers from the feed solution of the racemate to the receiving side (Fig. 1-5). This system is often referred to as membrane-assisted separation. The selector should not be soluble in the solvent used for the elution of the enantiomers, whose transport is driven by a gradient in concentration or pH between the feed and receiving phases. As a drawback common to all these systems, it should be mentioned that the transport of one enantiomer usually decreases when the enantiomer ratio in the permeate diminishes. Nevertheless, this can be overcome by designing a system where two opposite selectors are used to transport the two enantiomers of a racemic solution simultaneously, as it was already applied in W-tube experiments [171]. 

The experiments should preferably be performed under sink conditions (e.g., the drug concentration on the receiver side should be less than 10% of the concentration on the donor side during an experiment) in order to avoid bias by back-diffusion of significant amount of compound from the receiver chamber and to... 

Slow escalation and hiding intentions when at risk of failure on the sender s side is is paired with a cognitive apparatus which tries to unravel the intentions on the receivers side. This situation will force communication to a level where the receiver might not be able to asses consciously the manipulation which is underway. The receiver then has to look for honest and develop strategies for mindreading. ... 

Co is the initial compound concentration, S is the surface area of Caco-2 cell membrane on the insert, and M is the compound amount transported to the receiver side at time point t. 

To save antibody, use a sealable tube and a roller shaker. If such a tube is used, make sure that the receiving side of the membrane is directed to the lumen of the tube. 

For diffusion through a homogeneous membrane (thickness h) that is sandwiched between external media, an infinite reservoir frequently is assumed in the donor side and a perfect sink in the receiver side. There are two different initial conditions, which give different initial diffusion rates of either lower or higher than steady-state values. 

Once a toxicant crosses a membrane, it is rapidly removed from the receiving side (compartment B in Figure 6.3) either by uptake into the blood stream or elimination from the organism. Thus it is Ai that is the primary driving force, and if we replace this with A in all equations, then... 

FIGURE 6.12 Drug diffusion through a laminated film with drug concentration C, on the donor side and C0 on the receiver side. 

According to Fick s first law of diffusion, the passive diffusion of a drug across a membrane is directly proportional to the membrane-water partition coefficient, provided the interior of the membrane is homogeneous and the concentration of the drug on the receiver side of the membrane is much less than that on the donor side of the membrane, although in practice this linearity does not hold over a very wide range of lipophilicities due to issues such as the presence of aqueous pores in oily membranes, membrane retention of lipophilic molecules, pKa effects, aggregation of the solute, and the unstirred water layer (UWL). 

When the same surface coil is used for excitation and for reception, B xy R) enters into the detected signal from the transmitter side as well as from the receiver side. As a result the sensitive volume changes in size compared to excitation or reception only. For a homogeneous sample excited by a single pulse, the distribution of signal amplitude is described by... 

Since, NaOH is at the higher concentration, the driving force is to make the ionic concentrations equal on both sides. But Na+ is prevented from traveling across the membrane. Instead, most of the Cl is replaced by OH". The Cl is never completely recovered on the receiver side, but most will travel across because the OH" is at a much higher concentration. Since OH" is at a much higher concentration, its dilution by transport to the sample is not greatly affected. 

Figure 4.12 Schematic drawing of a cell culture model, Caco-2 cells. Cells are seeded on filter support and are left to differentiate for 1-3 weeks before the transport experiments. Experiments are started by adding the compound to the donor side and taking out samples from the receiver side at times up to 2 h. The incubation with the compound is done with good stirring and at 37°C.

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