Side-bend tests

Weld test plates of the type shown in Fig. 13-8 have also been used for studying the mechanical properties of welded joints. Such test plates were side-bend tested in the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 13-10. The results of the tests, presented in Table 13-3, indicate excellent weld metal ductility. For example, the ductility of heat M-5 material is greater than 40% at temperatures un to and including 1500°F. 

Results of Side-Bend Tests of As-Welded INOR-8 AND Inconel Samples... 

Figure 4. Load-deflection curves for AI2O3-304 S.S. four-point bend test bars. The bars were tested individually with the 304 S.S. side and AI2O3 side of each bar placed in tension.

The bend test has the advantage of testing the scale simultaneously under tensile and compressive load. Surprisingly, in connection with the bend test, experimental studies deal mostly with scale failure under tension whereas defect patterns on the side face of bending bars are less analysed although they provide a lot of additional information as will be shown below. 

Oxidised single crystalline NiAl specimens were deformed by four-point bending at elevated temperatures. Bend tests at RT could be performed only with Fe-doped NiAl because of its higher ductility. Typical scale defects which were generated on the side... 

Fracture provides another demonstration of the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties. When a sample is deformed, for example in the three-point bend test, the force increases until a crack forms at the top surface. This crack travels through the ice cream until it reaches the other side, at which point the sample breaks. The crack takes the easiest route, i.e. it goes through the weakest parts of the microstructure. The path that the crack takes therefore depends on the properties and spatial distribution of the components. 

There are several techniques to determine for a ceramic. The two main approaches are to use indentation or bending. In the bend test a notch is introduced, usually using a diamond-tipped copper cutting wheel, into the tensile side of the specimen as shown in Figure 16.13. In Figure I6.I3a the... 

To understand better about the location of the cracks, one of the samples (from batch A) was chosen to be stopped in the middle of bending test and was observed under the microscope. Microscopic observations showed that all the observable cracks were on the tension side of the specimen (and not the compression side) which means that the tension side of the foam fails faster than the compression side.(Figure 8)... 

The specimens were tested in miniaturised mechanical testing equipment mounted on the stages of optical and scanning electron microscopes to monitor the crack propagation in-situ on a side face of the specimens. The 4-point bending tests of attached TBC were carried out either with the TBC under tension or under compression. Stand-alone TBCs were tested in 4-point (un-notched) and 3-point (notched) bending (see Table 1). 

Figure 2. Bending tests with attached TBC in tension (a) and compression (b). Micrographs from fracture experiments carried out in SEM with in situ side face observation.

FIG. 25-3 Gross motion testing of the cersncal spine, side-bending. 

Motion-testing side-bending (Fig. 25-7) Maintaining contact with the articular pillars, introduce side-bending until motion is felt at the fingertips. 

FIG. 25-7 Intersegmental motion testing of C2 through C7, side-bending. 

Rotoscoliosis motion testing evaluates the rotation of the vertebrae. Translatory motion testing evaluates side-bending motion. Lateral translation of the vertebra is coupled with side-bending in the opposite direction. Translatory motion of C4 toward the right is coupled with side-hend-ing of C4 to the left. For most cervical vertebrae, side-bending and rotation are coupled and occur... 

Regional motion testing. The physician observes for asymmetric side-bending. Restricted motion to the side of the convexity is common. 

Note that side-bending on intersegmental motion testing is greatly restricted by the ribs... 

FIG. 47-3 Thoracolumbar regional motion testing side-bending. 

Another method for assessing the ability of the lumbar spine to side-bend without a significant contribution from the thoracic spine is the hip drop test. The patient is standing with his weight equally distributed and his feet 4 to 6 inches apart. The physician stands behind the patient with his eyes relatively level with the lumbar region. He may kneel or squat to do so. 

To test the individual vertebral motions, the patient will lie on the table, prone for testing rotation, and side-lying for testing flexion, extension, and side-bending. The physician stands at the side of the table facing the patient. 

FIG. 47-6 Intersegmental motion testing rotation/ side-bending. 

Rotoscoliosis motion testing provides another method to identify somatic dysfunction of a lumbar vertebra. This technique uses the principle that a type II somatic dysfunction will have a restriction to motion in all three planes of its ability to move. If a barrier is reached in flexion or extension, the vertebra will tend to rotate and side-bend towards its ease of motion. 

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