Lateral translation

Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), considered by some to be the greatest pathologist of all time, delivered 20 lectures at the Pathological Institute of Berlin during the months of February, March and April, 1858. These lectures were later translated into English and published. The following is an extract from this translation which demonstrates that Virchow was aware of the possibility that inflammation could be involved in the development of atheroma more than 150 year ago. 

Ultrasound imaging is mostly two-dimensional. Real-time three-dimensional systems that give a field of view wider than a thin sHce at a time are still quite rare and expensive. Quasi-3D systems based on manual lateral translation of the probe are gradually becoming available as software upgrades for existing equipment. 

Inelastic tunnelling electrons can also be used to selectively induce either the translation over a metallic surface or desorption from the metallic surface of individual molecules, as has been shown for NH3 on Cu(lOO) surfaces (Pascual et al, 2003). Activation of either the stretching vibration of ammonia ( 408 meV) leading to lateral translation on the surface, or the inversion of its pyramidal structure (umbrella mode s(NH3) 139 meV) leading to desorption, can be achieved by adjusting 7t and Vt. 

Berzelius s textbook of chemistry was translated into German by Wohler and was later translated into several other languages. Berzelius also published each year, beginning in 1821, a report on progress in physics and chemistry called the Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte in der Physik und Chemie. ... 

The experiment of phase matched SHG had been carried out by taking off one substrate and putting a coupling prism on the wave guide with lateral translation of the system for thickness adjustment of the waveguide. The MNA film is unbearably weak for repetitive prism coupling and physically weak in ambient atmosphere. 

Lateral Translation of a Ring on the Molecular String on which it is Threaded Electrochemically-driven Motion... 

Target manipulator 4 targets, max. diameter 25 mm, rotation and lateral translation... 

Hackenbrock CR, Hochh M, Chan RM. Calorimetric and freeze fractnre analysis of lipid phase transitions and lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles in mitochondrial membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976 455 466 84. 

Pioneering grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations by Schoen et al, [176,183,184] examined the equilibrium behavior of a film of spherical molecules between two commensurate walls. As h and the lateral translation x of the top wall were varied, the film underwent transitions between fluid and crystalline states. The crystal was stable when the thickness was near an integral multiple of the spacing between crystalline layers and when the lateral translation was also consistent with the crystalline repeat. In this case, the ordering influences of the two walls interfered constructively and provided a strong ordering influence. Other values of h and x led to destructive interference and stabilized the fluid phase. 

Because of the importance of animal work in drug development that later translates into clinical use in humans, much improved small animal PET scanners have been developed by manufacturers such as Siemens Medical Solutions, GE Healthcare, and Bioscan, and several scanners are now commercially available. The features of small animal PET scanners of the three manufacturers are given in Table 2.4. A small animal PET scanner is shown in Fig. 2.10. With the advent of molecular imaging, much progress can be achieved in PET imaging from the use of these improved scanners. 

Fig. C.ll. One strategy for consolidating multiple layers onto a single mask. Using rotation instead of lateral translation allows a wider range of die sizes to be used.

Improved fits to both x-ray and neutron diffraction data of samples of approximate composition (CH)Lio, 2. are obtained in a study by Ma el al. [98]. These authors introduce symmetry-breaking elements into the ion columns, by which the space group is reduced from R3c (Murthy et al. [94]) to the less symmetric R2. The distortion introduced is a lateral translation of the polyacetylene chains which bnngs half the number of carbon atoms closer to the lithium ions while increasing this distance for the other half. More about symmetry breaking can be found in the next paragraph, which deals with the tetragonal lattice, for which these concepts have been introduced first. 

G(0) can yield information on molecular weights (e.g. labeled proteins and nucleic acids) and molecular aggregation. In these applications, the laser beam is focused through a microscope objective to a small spot on the specimen the latter is laterally translated through the beam by a computer-controlled microstepping stage, at a speed higher than the rate of translational diffusion of the species under study. This technique is called scannir -FCS. 

Because we have a clearer idea of the way in which ribosomes interact with mRNA and assemble polypeptides in bacteria than in eukaryotes, here the bacterial system is considered first. The overall process in eukaryotes is very similar, and the special features of eukaryotes are covered later. Translation of an RNA message into a polypeptide occurs in three stages initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation in prokaryotes begins soon after transcription begins, and long before the 3 end of mRNA is completed, thus confirming that mRNA is read from 5 —>3. Initiation in bacteria involves the interaction of the 30S ribosomal subimit at the appropriate location on mRNA. 

Marries Marie-Louise-Sophie de Grouchy (1764-1822), who later translates Adam Smith s Theory of Moral Sentiments (with an appendix of her own Letters on Sympathy) and... 

Regarding the first question, there was the vague and qualitative description of HcfO interaction as a tendency of nonpolar solutes to adhere to each other. This was later translated in terms of standard free energy of dimerization of some compounds such as carboxylic acids in water. That descriptive definition was not satisfactory and I felt a new and more precise definition was needed. The standard free energies of dimerization were known for molecules that dimerize. They dimerize because they form hydrogen bonds. Therefore, it was not clear which part of the standard free energy was due to the hydrogen... 

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