Sida species

Vasicinone (29), the autooxidation product of vasicine, produces definite bronchodilatation against histamine-induced bronchospasm, slight hypotension, and a positive inotropic action with increased coronary flow 152,156,183,185). Prakash et al. 140) postulated that the combination of sympathomimetic amines and vasicinone in some Sida species would account for their major therapeutic uses in the Indian system of medicine, for example, in the treatment of asthma and other chest ailments. Vasicinone has been used as a model for the development of the expectorant 2-amino-3,5-dibromo-jV-cyclohexyTV-methylbenzene-methanamine. 

Franzotti, E.M., C.V. Santos, H.M. Rodrigues, et al. 2000. Antiinflammatory, analgesic activity and acute toxicity of Sida cordifolia L. (Malva-branca). /. Ethnopharmacol. 72(l-2) 273-277. Gunatilaka, A.A.L., S. Sotheeswaran, S. Balasubramaniam, A.I. Chandrasekara, and H.T. Badrasriyani. 1980. Studies on medicinal plants of Sri Lanka 3. Pharmacologically important alkaloids of some Sida species. Planta Med. 39(l) 66-72. 

Various species of Ephedra grow in different parts of the world. It is believed that the Chinese species contain the official levorotatory ephedrine, whereas the same species and other varieties from Europe yield only dextrorotatory pseudoephedrine. East Indian species range from rich to none. Ephedrine exists in the seed of another, totally unrelated Indian plant, Sida cordifolia, which was also used in folk medicine. Ma huang also contains another alkaloid, ephedine, which lowers blood pressure and has other complex actions. 

Ephedrine C,oH,sNO 165.24 40/225 -6.3° (C2H5OH) Ephedra species, Aconitum napellus, Catha edulis, Taxus baccata, Sida cordifolia, Roemeria refracta 299-42-3... 

Not surprisingly, glyphosate absorption is also affected by species differences in cuticle structure and leaf morphology. Using the track sprayer method, foliar absorption of " C-glyphosate at field use rates with a flat fan nozzle ranged from 20 to 36% in velvetleaf, prickly sida, kochia and RR corn [10, 14]. These results indicated that studies on foliar absorption of glyphosate not only need to employ a relevant method (i.e., track sprayer) but also be conducted in the species of interest. 

Ephedrine, an alkaloid with an amphetamine-like structure, is currently used in pharmaceuticals, with potentials to affect nerves, muscle, blood pressure, and heart rate. In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned ephedrine alkaloids marketed for reasons other than asthma, colds, allergies, other disease, or traditional Asian use. Ephedrine and its derivatives (stereoisomers and diaste-reomers) are naturally found in varied proportions in different plant species such as Catha edulis [12], Roemeria refracta [48], Taxus baccata [20], Sida cordifolia [7], Pinellia ternata [24], Aconitum napellus [8], and Ephedra species [22, 29, 32, 37]. 

Besides Ephedra species, low amounts of ephedrine can also be found in the leaves of the Malvaceae Sida cordifolia (Linn) (known as country mallow), with less than 2 % of content [2, 3] and in the Chinese herb Pinellia (known as ban xia), with around 0.003 % of ephedrine [4, 27]. Due to the low content of ephedrine, no stimulatory effects were observed in pharmacological tests with Pinellia, showing the opposite effect of sedation [28]. In addition to other species previously mentioned, other monoamine alkaloids can be found in khat (Catha edulis Forsk.) such as norpseudoephedrine and norephedrine [29, 30]. 

When FBj was found to be structurally related to AAL-toxin, it was decided to test both toxins for phytotoxicity with a variety of plant species. AAL-toxin was phytotoxic to both weed and crop species, including black nightshade Solanum nigrum L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), northern jointvetch Aeschynomene virginica (L.) B.S.P.)], duckweed (Lemna spp.), prickly sida Sida spinosa L.), jimsonweed Datura stramonium L.), cocklebur Helianthus annuus L.), hemp sesbania Sesbania exaltata [(Raf.)... 

---