Show-through penetration

The Kit Test (T-559 pm-96) can be used to measure oU repeUency when there is no physical barrier to oU penetration such as that provided by a film, foU, or waterproof coating (71). Another measure of oU repeUency is the Turpentine Test (T-454 om-89) (71). If a physical barrier is present, tests that measure the weight of oU pick-up or show-through under conditions that simulate the end use are appropriate. 

Fig. 7.30 Uneiched seciion through Fe-25Cr-21Ni after attack in 4 1 air gas + HzS at 1 100°C with poor combustion, showing sulphide penetration x 150...

Significant releases of petroleum hydrocarbons from unlined surface impoundments in oil fields have also been reported as far back as the early 1900s. One unlined surface oil reservoir located in the Kem River field, southern California, had a reported fluid loss on the order of 500,000 barrels. Excavated pits showed oil penetration to depths exceeding 20 ft. Another loss of 1 million barrels over a period of 6 years occurred from another unlined reservoir in the same field, although some of this loss was through evaporation. 

Figure 8 shows a part of a section of an impregnated powder sample with a field size of approximately 500 pm x 500 pm. This field contains sections through about 250 powder particles, and it is clear that the extent of penetration amongst individual particles shows a very great variance. Indeed, about 50 particles (around l/5th of the total) show negligible penetration of low melting point alloy For the purposes of the present analysis, attention will be focused on the typical particle shown in Figure 9. This particle is the one located just lower than, and left of the centre of Figure 8. It has a typical penetrated porosity of 0.33 and an apparent diameter of about 60 pm. The section in Figure 9 probably passes close to the particle centre, since particles are of this order of diameter.

FIGURE 3.2 Tomographic image of the Earth s mantle beneath the Japanese Arc, down to the core-mantle boundary showing the distribution of slow and fast seismic waves. The wave velocity distribution also reflects temperature distribution and shows the penetration of a cold subducting slab through the transition zone into the lower mantle (after Fukao et al., 2001). 

Analysis of the literature and multiple archive records shows that penetration of cholera into the territory of the Russian empire in the past occurred mostly through Azerbaijan 11 -41. This was facilitated by several factors (1) travel along the rivers Aras and Kura, originating abroad in territories infected by cholera, (2) the intensive trade relations between Azerbaijan and countries in the Near East, (3) the availability of numerous caravan trails, (4) climatic conditions favorable for infection, and (5) an extremely low level of household sanitation. It is possible presently to bring cholera infection into the Republic of Azerbaijan from countries whose conditions are not hospitable to it but that share borders or have established close economic, tourist, or other relations. 

Figure 8.10 Figure 1 from DE 10 055 787 A1 showing a reactor for tubular membranes where bundles of tubes are inserted into the reactor through penetrations (9) on the diameter of the pressure vessel (3). 

The type of PCB contamination of concrete that is most frequently encountered and most difficult to treat is just below the surface, resulting either from short-term spill contact or grinding of dry deposits through tracking. PCB has been shown, however, to penetrate concrete to much greater depths than common sense would indicate, through capillary action or other physical mechanisms. Decontamination of floors in particular sometimes shows PCB penetration of 0.5 to 2.0 inches for even small spills of limited contact time. 

An aqueous PVA solution containing a small amount of boric acid may be extmded into an aqueous alkaline salt solution to form a gel-like fiber (15,16). In this process, sodium hydroxide penetrates rapidly into the aqueous PVA solution extmded through orifices to make it alkaline, whereby boric acid cross-links PVA molecules with each other. The resulting fiber is provided with sufficient strength to withstand transportation to the next process step and its cross section does not show a distinct skin/core stmcture. 

One measure of impact resistance is the laminate s mean break height (MBH) (102). In the standard test, there is a 50% probabiHty that a five-pound (2.27-kg) ball will not fall through a laminate if the ball is dropped at the MBH. Typical MBHs for 12 in. (- 30 cm) square laminates prepared with 30 mil (0.76 mm) thick interlayer are 10 ft ( -- 3 m) at 0°F (—18 C) and 15 ft ( -- 4.6 m) at 70°F (2I°C). Figure 2 shows a relationship between adhesion and falling ball penetration resistance measured at 2I°C. 

Fig. 4. Schematic of the Closed Container Sampling technique used in the Baxter PARAMAX analy2er showing (a) the collection tube with bar-coded label being brought into sampling position under the caimula (b) the tube raised so that the caimula has penetrated the stopper (c) the sample sensing probe coming through the caimula to aspirate the exact volume required for each assay and (d) after sampling, where the tube is lowered away from the cannula.

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