Short-term values

RW II is an effect-related value based on current toxicological and epidemiological knowledge of a substance s effect threshold which takes uncertainty factors into account. It represents the concentration of a substance which, if reached or exceeded, requires immediate action as this concentration could pose a health hazard, especially for sensitive people who reside in these rooms over long periods of time. Depending on the mode of action, guide value II may be defined either as a short-term value (RW II K) or a long-term value (RW II L). 

Sweden 10 ppm, short-term value 15 ppm for 15 min, with a skin notation. 

Sweden lOppm, with a short-term value of 15 ppm (skin notation). 

Finally, mean discharge values for rivers cannot reflect short-term events, nor do they necessarily reflect the flux for a given year. Floods (often related to the El Nino/La Nina events) can have particularly large impacts on smaller and/or arid rivers, such that mean discharges or sediment loads may have little relevance to short-term values. Despite these caveats, mean values can offer sedimentologists and geochemists considerable insight into the fluxes (and fates) from land to the sea. 

The situation is further complicated because the data here is for shortterm loading and do not provide information on a Joint s creep behaviour. Both members (references 11,12) and the connections (reference 10) are known to creep, such that in time there will be increased beam deflection and therefore an increase in the required rotation capacity of the connection. Rigorous procedures to account for creep in the design process are not available. Designers are advised to use creep moduli (i.e. reduced values from short term values) when determining deflections of beam members in a braced frame (reference 1). It may be assumed that the a web cleat connection does not adversely affect this design approach. 

Foreign matter in air Long-term value Short-term value... 

By applying Equation (7-1) to the various meteorological conditions (direction and velocity of wind as well as turbulence in the atmosphere), and including the statistical frequencies of these conditions, the expected stresses can be computed in the form of frequency distributions of the concentrations of pollutants in air for the evaluation of technical installations under normal operating conditions, yearly mean values as well as short-term values are determined. Short-term values are concentration values which arc not exceeded during 95% of h/year. Due to the use of... 

It is difficult to monetize this "expense" as a positive credit in an accounting of cost. Some sites view the cost of the adsorption system as that of an insurance policy. In this view, the expense does not produce any short-term value or benefit — except in a catastrophic event (a direct release). Other sites view the adsorption unit to be an integral component of a modern vapor degreaser. In this view, the adsorption unit serves the same function as does the working mode cover (Chapter 1, Footnote 69) — to keep solvent in the tank. 

Figure 21 Correlation functions and at different tap water pHs (oxygen content 6-8 g/m , flow rate 0.3 m/s) with regard only to short-term values (t j, = 28 d) [50]...

Short-term exposure. This is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a period of up to 15 minutes continuously without suffering from (a) intolerable irritation, (b) chronic or irreversible tissue change, or (c) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self-rescue, or materially reduce efficiency, provided that no more than four excursions per day are permitted, with at least 60 minutes between exposure periods, and provided the daily time-weighted value is not exceeded. 

If a Tg value corresponding to a true second-order transition exists, it is a value lower than those based on short-term observations. The latter should then be regarded as approximations to the true value. 

Section 6.13.2 and illustrated in Figure 6.5. The possible inaccuracies of the method were made clear and it was stressed that these are reduced by obtaining term values near to the dissociation limit. Whether this can be done depends very much on the relative dispositions of the various potential curves in a particular molecule and whether electronic transitions between them are allowed. How many ground state vibrational term values can be obtained from an emission spectrum is determined by the Franck-Condon principle. If r c r" then progressions in emission are very short and few term values result but if r is very different from r", as in the A U — system of carbon monoxide discussed in Section 7.2.5.4, long progressions are observed in emission and a more accurate value of Dq can be obtained. 

Land purchases and many of the costs associated with faciUty development can be accompHshed with long-term loans of 15 to 30 years. Equipment such as pumps and tmcks are usually depreciated over a few years and are funded with shorter-term loans. Operating expenses for such items as feed, chemicals, fuel, utilities, salaries, taxes, and insurance may require periodic short-term loans to keep the business solvent. The projected income should be based on a reaUstic estimate of farmgate value of the product and an accurate assessment of anticipated production. Each business plan should project income and expenses projected over the term of all loans in order to demonstrate to the lending agency or venture capitaUst that there is a high probabiUty the investment will be repaid. 

Based on tests with laboratory animals, aniline may cause cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) conducted lifetime rodent feeding studies, and both studies found tumors of the spleen at high dosage (100 —300 mg/kg pet day of aniline chloride). CUT found no tumors at the 10—30 mg/kg per day feeding rates. The latter value is equivalent to a human 8-h inhalation level of 17—50 ppm aniline vapor. In a short term (10-d) inhalation toxicity test by Du Pont, a no-effect level of 17 ppm aniline vapor was found for rats. At high levels (47—87 ppm), there were blood-related effects which were largely reversible within a 13-d recovery period (70). 

Use of isopropyl alcohol in industrial appHcations does not present a health hazard. The alcohol produces anesthetic effects in high vapor concentration. Consequently, the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) and the ACGIH threshold limit value (TLV) have been estabUshed at 400 ppm (0.098 mg/L) for an 8-h exposure (TWA) (138). This level causes a mild irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat (139). However, the TLV level does not produce symptoms of anesthesia (140). The OSHA and ACGIH short-term exposure limits (STELs) are 500 ppm. The odor threshold for isopropyl alcohol ranges from 3 to 200 ppm, which is the minimum concentration having identifiable odor (141). 

The adopted values for TWAs for airborne vanadium, including oxide and metal dusts of vanadium, is 0.5 mg/m the values for fumes of vanadium compounds is 0.05 mg/m. These limits are for normal 8-h workday and 40-h work-week exposures. The short-term exposure limit (STEL) is 1.5 mg/m for dusts (25). A description of health ha2ards, including symptoms, first aid, and organ involvement, personal protection, and respirator use has beenpubhshed (26). 

Because pulp bleaching agents are, for the most part, reactive oxidising agents, appropriate precautions must be taken in their handling and use. For example, it is important to ensure that the threshold limit values (TLV) (20) in Table 2 are not exceeded in the workplace air. These are airborne concentrations in either parts per million by volume under standard ambient conditions or mg per cubic meter of air. They "represent conditions under which it is beUeved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect" (20). TWA refers to a time-weighted average for an 8-h workday STEL is a short-term exposure limit or maximum allowable concentration to which workers can be continuously exposed for 15 minutes. 

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