Short float

Kontro et al., 1992] Kontro, J., Kalliojarvi, K., and Neuvo, Y. (1992). Use of Short Floating Point Formats in Audio Applications. IEEE Trans, on Consumer Electronics, 38(3) 200-207. 

Sheep skins were degreased using Eusapon OD following the above presented procedure in the beam house. Samples were taken from every float and the phase behaviour was directly characterised by visual inspection. The results are presented in the following beginning with the short float. 

Because of the small amount of water in the short float, samples had to be taken by wringing out the sheep skins. A three-phase state at T = 37°C could be observed, where a microemulsion phase coexisted with a fat-excess phase and a water-excess phase as presented in Fig. 10.6. At this point, the occurrence of the three-phase state in the short float was a first evidence for the good performance of Eusapon OD. The three-phase state is closely connected to the interfacial tension between water and oil, in this case water and grease (crab) which becomes ultra-low for efficient microemulsion systems. At this point the low interfacial tension ensures a good degreasing performance of the system. More... 

Figure 10.6 Picture of the three-phase state found in the short float at T = 37°C. A microemulsion phase coexists with a fat- and a water-excess phase.

Samples were also taken from the diluted and the long float. The characterisation of the phase behaviour resulted for both floats in a three-phase state, which, in contrast to the short float, is not located at T = 37°C, but at T = 60°C as shown in Fig. 10.7. At the degreasing temperature T = 30°C now a fat-in-water microemulsion coexists with a fat-excess phase, which is turned into a stable fat-in-water emulsion via shearing. 

Animal skins were degreased in a three-step process according to the procedure described in the section beam house. In a first step, surfactant was added to depickled sheep skins and the drum was run for approximately 1 h. Note, that depickling means the addition of a short float (little water) containing high amounts of sodium chloride. The mass fraction of salt in the water phase of the short float was estimated to be e = 0.21. After 1 h the short float was diluted with pure water. As a result the sodium chloride mass fraction in the water phase e was instantaneously reduced to e = 0.07. During this process the surfactant to fat plus surfactant ratio yb was always constant at approximately y b = 0.375. 

In Fig. 10.12(a), the phase behaviour in the short float is shown. The three-phase state of the respective systems is located near the degreasing temperature T = 30°C. Efficient degreasing is a result of the ultra-low interfacial tension between water and fat. Upon diluting the short float with pure water the salt mass fraction in the water phase is effectively reduced from e = 0.21 to e = 0.07. Sodium chloride belongs to the group of lyotropic salts. When the salt mass fraction is reduced the hydration of the surfactant head... 

Figure 10.12 Schematic of the variation of the phase behaviour during the degreasing process. In the short float the ultra-low interfacial tension between water and oil ensures efficient degreasing. Upon reducing the salt mass fraction the phase behaviour shifts to higher temperatures. At the degreasing temperature now an oil-in-water microemulsion coexists with an oil-excess phase. Shearing induces the formation of a stable macroemulsion that prevents the depositing of the fat on the skin and ensures the transport of the fat away from the skin. Note that only the Gibbs triangles correspond to the real experimental conditions. The T-y cuts are shown for clarity.

Shorts/floats - These are flie shortest fibers, with most shorts or all floats <2mm (-10 mesh). 

Roofing - Short, float, and shingle fiber are used in asphalt shingles and roofing felts and in asphalt-based roof coatings to provide dimensional stability and flexibility, to enhance crack resistance and weatherability, and to control... 

The premise that discontinuous short fibers such as floating catalyst VGCF can provide structural reinforcements can be supported by theoretical models developed for the structural properties of paper Cox [36]. This work was recently extended by Baxter to include general fiber architecture [37]. This work predicts that modulus of a composite, E can be determined from the fiber and matrix moduli, Ef and E, respectively, and the fiber volume fraction, Vf, by a variation of the rule of mixtures,... 

Efficient models of water heaters have thicker insulation, up to three inches thick, on some of the most efficient electric water heaters. Another means to increase efficiency is installing heat traps, or anti—convection devices, on the inlet and outlet pipes. Standard heat traps consist of short pipe nipple containing a small plastic ball. On the inlet side the ball is lighter than water and floats up to seal the inlet pipe. On the outlet side the ball is heavier than water and sinks against the seal. This prevents the heated... 

While a bottom-supported vessel must divert when shallow gas is encountered, a floating vessel has the additional option of simply abandoning the well. This option has led to the use of riserless systems when drilling the surface hole. However, a dynamic kill provides the only means of controlling the well. A dynamic kill makes use of annular friction as well as a heavier mud to hold backpressure on the formation. If very short wellbores are involved, the dynamic kill rates are usually to large to be practical. A well being drilled with a riserless system is very likely to be lost if shallow gas is encountered. 

The first study utilizing this method was reported by Schuller in 1966 [65]. Schuller used polystyrene latex beads that were spread on a salt-containing aqueous subphase in order to keep the particles at the interface. tt-A plots of the floating particles were determined, which showed several phase regions with reproducible transition points. The author determined the particle diameters from the A-value, at which a steep rise in the isotherm occurred. Moreover, Schuller also spread millimeter-sized Styropor particles and found isotherms of similar shape [66]. By taking pictures at different surface pressure, he was able to correlate the shape with different states of order in the monolayer. Shortly after that. 

You should read Technical Support Note TS-230 Dealing with Numeric Representation Error in SAS Applications to learn more about SAS floating-point numbers and storage precision in SAS. Another good resource for rounding issues is Ron Cody s SAS Functions by Example (SAS Press, 2004). In short, whenever you perform comparisons on numbers that are not integers, you should consider using the ROUND function. 

A short time later, as the fitters were carrying out the tests, the float ruptured violently. Fortunately, there was no fragmentation of the metal, and the two fitters escaped injury. 

Fatty acid flotation method. In this method, the smithsonite was floated using a short carbon chain fatty acid from calcific and dolomitic gangue minerals. The calcite and... 

The brain does not send a continuous current through the nerve, but short spurts . We call them impulses, which transfer between nerve fibres within the synapses of cells (see Figure 7.16). The cell floats within an ionic solution called plasma. The membrane separating the synapse from the solution with which the nerve fibre is in contact surrounding the cell is the axon, and is essential to the nerve s operation. 

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