SHIP , Darmstadt

Initially, one atom of 110 was detected on 9 November 1994 by the SHIP facilities at Darmstadt following the reaction ° Pb( Ni,n) 110 and observation of the subsequent chain of four... 

In 1994 and 1995 Dr. Darleane Hoffinan of LLNL in Cahfornia and others from Germany used the Separator for Heavy Ion Reaction Products (SHIP) at the GSI laboratory in Darmstadt, Germany, to produce two new isotopes of element 110. 

Shortly after element 110 was discovered in 1994, the team led by Peter Armbruster and Sigurd Hofmann at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research at Darmstadt, Germany, discovered element 111 using their SHIP detection apparatus. One might speculate that the ancient alchemists would be impressed by the production of element 111 by the transmutation of two... 

Electronic chemicals (see Section 11.4) provide another illustrative example of the difference between fine and specialty chemicals Merck KGaA produces a range of individual fine chemicals as active substances for liqnid crystals in a modern multipurpose plant in Darmstadt, Germany. An example is (trans,trans)-A-[difluoromethoxy)-3,5-difluorophenyl]-4 -propyl-l,l -bicyclohexyl. Merck ships the active ingredients to its secondary plants in Japan, Sonth Korea, and Taiwan, where they are compounded into liquid crystal formulations. These specialties have to comply with stringent use-related specifications (electrical and color properties, etc.) of the Asian producers of consumer electronics such as cellular phones, DVD players, and flat-screen TV sets. 

In 1981, G. Miinzenberg et al. (1981), working in Darmstadt at the velocity filter SHIP, identified the isotope 262Bh produced in the cold fusion reaction ... 

These three elements were all first synthesized by the cold fusion method at GSI, Darmstadt, using a very sophisticated set of techniques. For element 107 (1981) an accelerated beam of ionized Cr atoms was made to impinge on a thin ° Bi foil the reaction recoils were separated in flight from the incoming beam and from the unwanted products of transfer reactions by a velocity filter consisting of a combination of magnetic and electric fields. This facility is known by the acronym SHIP,... 

At Darmstadt these elements were identified using the velocity filter SHIP, which provides an in-flight separation of the heavy-ion nuclear reaction fragments. The products were then identified by a-spectroscopic measurements of the new elements and of their decay products. The production rates are extremely low in this type of experiments. So far only 38 atoms of element 107, 3 atoms of element 108 and 3 atoms of element 109 have been observed. Attenqjts to synthesize heavier elements via the same type of reaction continue at Darmstadt, Dubna and Berkeley. 

At the velocity filter SHIP (Miinzenberg et al. 1979) at GSI in Darmstadt, a Penning trap, SHIPTRAP, has been installed (Marx et al. 2002) in which heavy-ion fusion evaporation residues can be stored for precision mass measurements and manipulated, for example, by laser spectroscopy or by chemical interactions with reactive gases. In order to explore the merits of ion-chemical investigations of heavy elements in a Penning trap, Rieth et aL (2002) have studied the reactions of Ru and Os ions with O2, thus demonstrating that ion-molecule reactions may be considered a new way to study the chemical properties of heavy elements. 

Darmstadt GSI SHIP [46, 47] QQQEDDDDEQQQD vacuum velocity filter Recoil ID Ge detectors SHIPTRAP [48] No... 

---