Shell feedstocks

Chemithon findings are in agreement with the above statements mole ratio was found to be the most important variable. Mole ratios between 1.01 and 1.03 yielded 1,4-dioxane values from less than 20ppm to 50ppm on 100% active matter with Shell feedstock Neodol 25-3 (3 moles EO). Free oil concentrations were 2.0% on 100% active matter. Higher mole ratios caused a dramatic increase in 1,4-dioxane. Mole ratios above 1.05 easily led to levels of several hundred ppm. From these results, it is clear that precise raw material delivery systems must be employed. 

Catalytic Oligomeri tion. Shell Chemical provides C —C linear internal olefin feedstock for detergent oxo alcohol production from its SHOP... 

Noncatalytic partial oxidation of residual fuel oil accounts for the remainder of world methanol production. Shell and Texaco ate the predominant hcensors for partial oxidation technology (16) the two differ principally in the mechanical details of mixing the feedstock and oxidant, in waste heat recovery, and in soHds management. 

The 0x0 process is employed to produce higher alcohols from linear and branched higher olefins. Using a catalyst that is highly selective for hydroformylation of linear olefins at the terminal carbon atom. Shell converts olefins from the Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) to alcohols. This results in a product that is up to 75—85% linear when a linear feedstock is employed. Other 0x0 processes, such as those employed by ICI, Exxon, and BASE (all in Europe), produce oxo-alcohols from a-olefin feedstocks such alcohols have a linearity of about 60%. Enichem, on the other hand, produces... 

The hydroperoxide process involves oxidation of propjiene (qv) to propylene oxide by an organic hydroperoxide. An alcohol is produced as a coproduct. Two different hydroperoxides are used commercially that result in / fZ-butanol or 1-phenylethanol as the coproduct. The / fZ-butanol (TBA) has been used as a gasoline additive, dehydrated to isobutjiene, and used as feedstock to produce methyl tert-huty ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive. The 1-phenyl ethanol is dehydrated to styrene. ARCO Chemical has plants producing the TBA coproduct in the United States, Erance, and the Netherlands. Texaco has a TBA coproduct plant in the United States. Styrene coproduct plants are operated by ARCO Chemical in the United States and Japan, Shell in the Netherlands, Repsol in Spain, and Yukong in South Korea. 

Process Description. Reactors used in the vapor-phase synthesis of thiophene and aLkylthiophenes are all multitubular, fixed-bed catalytic reactors operating at atmospheric pressure, or up to 10 kPa and with hot-air circulation on the shell, or salt bath heating, maintaining reaction temperatures in the range of 400—500°C. The feedstocks, in the appropriate molar ratio, are vaporized and passed through the catalyst bed. Condensation gives the cmde product mixture noncondensable vapors are vented to the incinerator. 

Shell Gas B.V. has constructed a 1987 mVd (12,500 bbhd) Fischer-Tropsch plant in Malaysia, start-up occurring in 1994. The Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process, as it is called, uses natural gas as the feedstock to fixed-bed reactors containing cobalt-based cat- yst. The heavy hydrocarbons from the Fischer-Tropsch reactors are converted to distillate fuels by hydrocracking and hydroisomerization. The quality of the products is very high, the diesel fuel having a cetane number in excess of 75. 

Feedstock recycling is examined as a method of plastics recovery. The range of techno logics currently employed are described, and include pyrolysis, hydrogenation, gasification, and chemolysis. Methods for the recycling of mixed plastics wastes are discussed, which include work by BP Chemicals, VEBA Oil, Shell Chemicals and Leunawerke. 

Details are given of processes currently under development in Europe and the US for recycling plastics waste into feedstocks. In particular, the efforts of BP Chemicals and Shell are reported who have plans to form consortia of chemical companies. Problems associated with costs and logistics are discussed, which are preventing full-scale commercialisation. 

Talbiersky, J., Polaczek, J., Ramamoorty, R. and Shishlov, O. (2000) Phenols from cashew nut shell oil as a feedstock for making resins and chemicals. OIL GAS European Magazine, 35, 33-40. 

CDHydro [Catalytic distillation hydrogenation] A process for hydrogenating diolefins in butylene feedstocks. It combines hydrogenation with fractional distillation. Developed by CDTECH, a partnership between Chemical Research Licensing Company and ABB Lummus Crest. The first plant was built at Shell s Norco, LA, site in 1994. Ten units were operating in 1997. 

SCGP The Shell Coal Gasification Process (SCGP) can operate on a wide variety of feedstocks. It consists of three principal stages ... 

Royal Dutch Shell has invested in cellulosic ethanol company Iogan and Germany s Choren Industries, which is building a demonstration bio-mass-to-liquids plant using wood feedstock. Royal Dutch Shell has also partnered with Codexis in exploring biomass energy production. 

Commercial gasifiers are available in a range of sizes and types, and run on a variety of fuels, including wood, charcoal, coconut shells and rice husks. Power output is determined by the economic supply of biomass, which is limited to 80 MW in most regions. The producer gas is affected by various gasification processes from various biomass feedstocks. Table 6.7 shows composition of gaseous products from various biomass fuels by different gasification methods. 

Toluene is a primary feedstock used to produce various organic compounds. It is used to produce diisocyanates. Isocyanates contain the functional group —N = C = O, and diisocyanates contain two of these. The two main diisocyanates are toluene 2,4-diisocyanate and toluene 2,6-diisocyanate. The production of diisocyanates in North America is close to a billion pounds annually. More than 90% of toluene diisocyanate production is used for making polyurethanes foams. The latter are used as flexible fill in furniture, bedding, and cushions. In rigid form it is used for insulation, hard shell coatings, building materials, auto parts, and roller skate wheels. 

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