Sheep intramuscular injection

Intramuscular injection Single injection of radiolabeled famphur, equivalent to 55.1 mg/kg BW. Sheep killed at 72 h and tissues analyzed for residual radioactivity... 

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is indicated for use via the oral and intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in the treatment of a variety of enteric, respiratory, and other infections of cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. Recommended dosages are 7.5-12.5 mg/kg bw for intramuscular injections and 1-5 mg/bird for subcutaneous injections in poultry. Spectinomycin is frequently combined with lincomycin and administered either intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg bw to calves, sheep, and swine (15), and at... 

Results of pharmacokinetic studies of streptomycin are in most cases also applicable to dihydrostreptomycin and vice versa. In animals, the absorption of both streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin is poor via the oral route but rapid after intramuscular administration. In cattle, peak serum levels were obtained 1 h after intramuscular injection of either streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin (18), whereas serum concentrations produced in sheep and horses paralleled those obtained in cattle (19). As a result, most of an oral dose is recovered in the feces whereas most of a parenteral dose is recovered in the urine. However, if kidney function is severely impaired, little of an intramuscularly administered dose is excreted in the urine. 

Following intramuscular injection of chloramphenicol in sheep, the withdrawal period down to the level of 0.05 ppm was estimated at 14.4 days for the injection site, 6 days for noninjected muscle, 9 days for fat, 11 days for kidney, and 11 days for the liver (32). When chloramphenicol was administered to rabbits, muscle and kidney were the tissues containing the highest levels of the parent drug at 6 h postdosing, whereas at 24 h only muscle contained detectable amounts of residues (33). 

In sheep given a single intramuscular injection of 5 mg trimethoprim/kg bw, mean residue concentrations in liver, muscle, and fat were 400, 30, and 40 ppb, respectively, 7 days after treatment. In broilers given oral doses of 7.5 mg radiolabeled trimethoprim/kg bw/day for 5 days, mean total residue concentrations in kidney, liver, muscle, fat, and skin declined from 1000, 1340, 110, 90, and 210 ppb at 1 day after the end of treatment to 60, 30, 10, 10, and 30 ppb... 

Following intramuscular injection of a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation, all sheep tissue residues were below the US tolerance of 0.1 ppm by 14 days after treatment (235). After intramuscular administration to a dairy cow of a single dose of 5 mg oxytetracycline/kg bw, residues were present in milk for as long as 4 days after dosing at concentrations ranging from 370 ppb at day 1 posttreatment to 10 ppb at day 4 posttreatment (233). 

Doramectin, unlike ivermectin components, possesses a double bond between C22 and C23 and a cyclohexyl ring on C25. This novel avermectin is intended for use in cattle and sheep in the form of a single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg bw, or in pigs in the form of a single intramuscular injection at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg bw (58). 

Diethylcarbamazine has long been used in sheep and especially in cattle for treatment of lungworm infections. Intramuscular injection is the routine... 

Imidocarb is a carbanilide used for treatment and prophylaxis of piroplas-mosis and anaplasmosis. It can be administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to cattle, sheep, and horse at dosages of 1.2-3.4 mg/kg bw. 

Clostridium novyi type A, a bacterium that was associated with serious infection during the two World Wars, killed 35 injecting heroin users in Britain and Ireland (49). Clostridium novyi type A is present in soil and dust and is a well-recognized cause of infection in sheep, cattle, and other animals. Contaminated batches of heroin from a common source were believed to be responsible for the recent outbreak. The bacteria were able to survive the process of preparation for injection. All recent cases occurred after intramuscular injection, which provides the requisite anerobic conditions for infection. This was the first time that this organism caused an outbreak of infection in drug injectors. In all, 74 cases with the same clinical features were reported. 

Moderate variability in absorption of oxytetracycline from different intramuscular injection sites in calves was reported by Nouws and Vree. Bioavailability values of 79%, 86%, and 89% were obtained for injection into the buttock, neck, and shoulder, respectively. The same group reported variable bioavailability and residue profiles with 10 formulations of oxytetracycline in pigs and 5 formulations in calves, sheep, and pigs. ... 

Signs of famphur toxicosis in cattle include ataxia, muscular fasciculations, general weakness, lacrimation, salivation, and diarrhea. In comparison with European breeds of cattle (Bos taurus), the Brahman (Bos indicus) and European X Brahman hybrids are more sensitive to famphur, and Brahman bulls are more sensitive than cows. At a comparatively low famphur dose of 16.6 mg/kg BW, both B. taurus and B. indicus are tolerant of intramuscular injectable famphur however, B. indicus is more sensitive and bulls sometimes died when treatment levels exceeded 33.3 mg/kg BW. In addition to cattle, famphur-induced mortality in other species of mammals was documented. Single exposures of famphur in mg/kg BW killed rabbits (Oryctolagus sp.) at 2730.0 in dermal exposure mice (Mus sp.) at 27.0 in oral dose or 11.6 by intraperitoneal injection domestic sheep (Ovis aires) at 400.0 in oral dose and laboratory white rats (Rattus sp.) at 400.0 dermal exposure or >28.0 in oral dose. Mice receiving fatal or near-fatal intraperitoneal injections of famphur or famoxon began to convulse 10-20 min postinjection death came within 45 min post-injection, usually from respiratory failure. Mice remaining alive at 60 min post-injection usually recovered. 

Kanamycin crosses placenta and is found in breast milk. When kanamycin was administered intramuscularly to cattle, sheep, and swine at dosages in the range 5-10 mg/kg bw at 12 h intervals, milk was free of the antibiotic 36 h after the last injection (14). However, kanamycin residues persisted longer in the kidney tissue. 

Following intramuscular administration to sheep of 1 mg xylazine/kg bw, two-thirds of the injected dose could be absorbed within 10 min (113). The drug was rapidly distributed to different tissues, and rapidly eliminated. The rapid elimination of xylazine in sheep is probably related to its intense metabolism rather than to its rapid renal excretion. This hypothesis was supported by the lack of significant amounts of the intact drug in urine samples collected every 10 min from treated sheep. 

Because of its relatively short excretion time, xylazine produces residue concentrations below 0.1 ppm in all edible tissues of sheep and cows except the injection site, liver, and kidney, at 20 h after intramuscular administration (115). In addition, xylazine is not excreted with cow milk. Hence, only 2 days are recommended in Norway between treatment and slaughter of cattle or the delivery of milk for human consumption. However, liver and kidney should be discarded if slaughter has taken place less than 4 days after medication. 

Figure 3. Immunization schedule and antibody titre in a sheep injected intramuscularly with THC-hemisuccinate-BSA in the amounts shown. Titre is defined as the reciprocal of the dilution of antiserum that bound 50% of the 3H-THC label.

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