Sharks

Pnstane is an alkane that is present to the extent of about 14% in shark liver oil Its lUPAC name is 2 6 10 14 tetramethylpentadecane Write its structural formula... 

The hver of sharks and other oily fishes sometimes accumulate toxic levels of vitamin A, and cases of acute poisoning have been reported both among Eskimos and the Japanese. 

Triterpenes. The triterpenes (30 carbon atoms) are widely found in nature, especially plants, both in the free state and as esters or glycosides. A smaller but important group, including lanosterol [79-63-0] (114), occurs in animals. The triterpene hydrocarbon, squalene [111-02-4] (115), occurs in the hver oils of certain fish, especially those of sharks. 

S. S. Shark, H. B. Schlegel, and S. Wolfe, Theoretical Aspects of Physical Organic Chemistry The Sf,i2 Mechanism. Wiley, New York, 1992. 

In 1952, Konrad Bloch and Robert Langdon showed conclusively that labeled squalene is synthesized rapidly from labeled acetate and also that cholesterol is derived from squalene. Langdon, a graduate student of Bloch s, performed the critical experiments in Bloch s laboratory at the University of Chicago, while Bloch spent the summer in Bermuda attempting to demonstrate that radioactively labeled squalene would be converted to cholesterol in shark livers. As Bloch himself admitted, All I was able to learn was that sharks of manageable length are very difficult to catch and their oily livers impossible to slice (Bloch, 1987). 

G. P. Blanch, A. Glausch, V. Schurig, R. Serrano and M. J. Gonzalez, Quantification and determination of enantiomeric ratios of chkal PCB 95, PCB 132 and PCB 149 in shark liver samples (C. coelolepis) from the Atlantic ocean , 7. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 19 392-396 (1996). 

Haifisch-ledcr, n. shark leather. -tran, m. shark-liver oil. 

Only Felix Leiter, the CIA agent who is Bond s best friend in the series until he gets taken out of service by a shark in Live and Let Die, remains faithful to drinking the Bond martini. But then, that s what best friends are for—they, at least, remember why everyone s supposed to like you. 

Phylum Chordata Tunicates, sharks, bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals... 

Figure 6.3. 5 "0 in surface water (data from Gat 1980) compared with that in biogenic phosphates of various mammals from many world regions (data shown in squares are from conventional phosphate analyses Longinelli 1984 Luz et al. 1984 Ayliffe and Chivas 1990 D Angela and Longinelli 1990 Yoshida and Miyazaki 1991 Huertas et al. 1995). For comparison, plotted as filled circles, are 8 0 values for tooth enamel analyzed by laser fluorination (six humans, one shark, and one wolf Kohn et al. 1996). 

Although for the moment this model is only partially supported by experimental data it offers the opportunity to design new experiments which will help to understand the mechanisms of pardaxin insertion and pore formation in lipid bilayers and biological membranes which at a molecular level are the events leading to shark repellency and toxicity of this marine toxin. 

Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, Sheng WS, Shark KB, Bu DP, Archer S, Bidlack JM, Peterson PK (1996a) kappa opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 8051-8056 Chao CC, Hu S, Peterson PK (1996b) Opiates, gUa, and neurotoxicity. Adv Exp Med Biol 402 29-33... 

Chao CC, Hu S, Shark KB, Sheng WS, Gekker G, Peterson PK (1997) Activation of mu opioid receptors inhibits microglial cell chemotaxis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281 998-1004 Chen SR, Pan HL (2006) Blocking mu opioid receptors in the spinal cord prevents the analgesic action by subsequent systemic opioids. Brain Res 1081 119-125 Chen C, Li J, Bot G, Szabo I, Rogers TJ, Liu-Chen LY (2004) Heterodimerization and crossdesensitization between the mu-opioid receptor and the chemokine CCR5 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 483 175-186... 

Squalene is an isoprenoid compound that is found in large quantities in shark liver and in smaller quantities in olives, rice bran and wheat germ. It is a bactericidal compound and an antioxidant and it aids in skin nutrition. Several cosmetic applications of rice bran and rice bran oil arise from the biological effects of their squalene, vitamin E and y-oryzanol content. Since these compounds are fat-soluble, rice bran oil is used for all these preparations. 

Fishelson L. and Baranes A. (1997). Ontogenesis and cytomorphology of the nasal olfactory organs in the Oman shark, lago omanensis (Triakidae), in the Gulf of Aqaba. Anat Rec 249, 409-421. 

Shark cartilage 3 tablets by mouth daily Enteric-coated aspirin 81 mg by mouth daily Ginseng 2 tablets by mouth daily... 

As indicated in previous sections of this chapter, there has developed a quite impressive international consensus on the general principles of bioequivalency determination for drug products regulated by agencies such as FDA. However, there are other materials used with therapeutic intent for which bioequivalency may also be a legitimate concern. Herbal remedies have, in recent years, demonstrated impressive increases in sales in many parts of the world. Other substances of natural origin have gained considerable attention for their possible curative potential. For example, shark... 

Chagoya, Enrique. Mano poderosa ayudanos [graphic] / Enrique Chagoya 97. Sharks, Inc, 1997. 

Manganese ores are mined. On the ocean floor in the proximity of volcanoes there are so-called manganese nodules, which consist of oxides of manganese, iron and other heavy metals. They arise from deposition by microorganisms around a solid core (piece of mussel, shark tooth, etc.). 

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