Shannon index

Furthermore, the analysis of 317 Swiss organic arable farms showed that 75.7% of the farms cultivated more than six crops, while 87.5% cultivated more than 4 crops in their rotation (Freyer 1997). A 14% higher diversity of organie arable land use after conversion is calculated for Brandenburg, Germany, using the Shannon index (Piorr, H.P. et al. 1997). 

According to the research of Pryanishnikov All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Agrochemistry together with Lomonosov Moseow state University unilateral use of mineral fertilizer decreased the total number of microorganisms in soil and Shannon index biodiversity (Table 20.3). 

Information-theoretic indices, including the Shannon index, the chromatic information index, the orbital information index, the topological information superindex, the electropy index, and the Merrifield and Sinmions indices [13,14]. 

In the second publication (Bombardier and Blaise, 2000), laboratory toxicity data derived from two larger projects conducted on freshwater sediments were integrated in the SED-TOX index and it was field validated using four benthic community metrics (species richness, number of taxa in the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and the ICI-SL which is a version of the Invertebrate Community Index modified for the St. Lawrence River). 

Using the Jensen-Shannon divergence, JS, as a measure of complexity for the generated sequences, one can obtain an interesting result (see Fig. lib). The most important feature is that the JS value is a nonmonotonous function of epp, whereas Shannon s entropy, Shannon s index, and many other sequence-dependent parameters change always gradually [70]. 

After establishing a phylogenetic tree, further analysis can be pursued to determine patterns in diversity within and across communities. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) can be determined with the aid of programs like DOTUR (84), and DIVERSITY (85). DOTUR calculates the Shannon-Weiner index, a calculation of diversity based on how predictable the community is, and the Simpson diversity index, a calculation based on both the number of different samples in a community and their proportions in addition to several richness estimators. DIVERSITY calculates PD a diversity index that summates... 

Aquatic microcosms and mesocosms offer the ideal situation to investigate populations of species interacting in their natural environment (i.e., to study communities stressed in structured systems see Section 4.5.1). It is, however, only recently that these experiments have been analyzed at the community level (Van Wijngaarden et al. 1995 Sparks et al. 1999 van den Brink and Ter Braak 1999). Until 10 years ago, experiments were evaluated at the population level, largely ignoring species interactions and energy flows in the systems. The development of community-level endpoints offered the possibility to evaluate the experiments on a community level (i.e., they offered the opportunity to scale up the level of evaluation Kedwards et al. 1999). Summary community-level endpoints calculated from the results of these experiments are mostly structural ones measures of diversity (e.g. numbers of species, and the Shannon-Weaver diversity index) and similarity of the treated systems compared to the untreated controls (e.g., the principal response curves method, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, or Stander s index see van den Brink and Ter Braak 1998 for a comparison). 

This is also indicated by the Shannon diversity index and its temporal changes as... 

Both Shannon s entropy and Gini index are used as —> classification parameters to evaluate the quality of classification results. 

Morowitz information index, —> information index on size, —> information index on molecular symmetry, —> information index on amino acid composition, —> information index on molecular conformations, Bertz complexity index, —> Dosmorov complexity index, Bonchev complexity index, —> atomic information indices, —> dectropy index, —> information theoretic topological index, —> information layer index. Information indices are also the Shannon Entropy Descriptors (SHED), while some information indices are among the GETAWAY descriptors. 

In a southern part of the Western basin the diversity of microalgae was low and decreased a little with depth (11 species at 6 m, ten species at 10 m, and seven species at 15 m). The domination structure in communities also changed with increasing of depth and salinity (Table 7). In Fig. 8a, the Margalef index (Dmg) [54—56] and Shannon-Weaver index (H ) for the microphytobenthos are shown to decrease with depth. 

Fig. 8 Qianges of microalgae alpha-diversity indices alcmg a vertical transecd in the southern part of the Western basin, (a) Station 11.3, October 2003 (b) Station 12, August 2004 Margalef s diversity index (Dmg) and Shannon-Weaver index (H )...

The frequency of inclusion in assessment systems of four commonly used groups of metrics is shown in Figure 1.3.1. The metrics based on the occurrence of sensitive and tolerant taxa (e.g. saprobic indices, tolerance score, ASPT, BMWP, are included in all assessment methods. The metrics based on richness and diversity (e.g. number of taxa, number of EPT taxa. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Margalef index) are included in 65 % of the assessment methods. The metrics based on taxonomic composition and metrics based on the composition in terms of functional groups (e.g. feeding type index) were used less frequently (in 30% and 20% of the assessment methods, respectively). 

For atomic radii, see R. D. Shannon, Acta CrystaHogr.. B32 925 (1976). (See also App. 3A). For polarizability data, see C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics. 4th ed.. Wiley. New York, 1971. The polarizabilities were determined empirically from refractive-index... 

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