Serum formation

Typical spectra obtained are shown in Fig. 1.2. Moreover, substantial radiolytically-mediated elevations in the concentration of serum formate, arising from the oxidation of carbohydrates present by OH radical, were also detectable. In addition to the above modifications, 7-radiolysis of inflammatory knee-joint synovial fluid generated an oligosaccharide species of low molecular mass derived from the radiolytic fragmentation of hyaluronate as outlined in the previous section dealing with oxidative damage to carbohydrates. The... 

Osterloh JD et al Serum formate concentrations in methanol intoxication as a criterion for hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 104 200-203, 1986... 

The CNS effects of methanol are substantially less severe than those of ethanol. Methanol is oxidized by Ever alcohol dehydrogenase (at about one tenth the rate of ethanol) to formaldehyde. Formaldehyde in turn is rapidly oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to formic acid, which may cause serious acidosis and optic neuropathy, resulting in blindness or death.Serum formate concentrations correlate better with the degree of acidosis and the severity of CNS and ocular toxicity than do serum methanol concentrations. Therefore some investigators recommend the measurement... 

Until recently, a rapid presumptive identification of C. albicans could be made by incubation of the organism in serum formation of a germ tube (the beginning of hyphae, which arise as perpendicular extensions from the yeast cell, with no constriction at their point of origin) within 1 to 2 hours offered a positive identification of C. albicans. Unformnately, C. dubliniensis, a new species of Candida that was identified recently as an important cause of mucosal colonization and infection in HIV-infected individuals, also can produce a germ mbe. A negative germ tube test does not rule out the possibility of C. albicans, but further biochemical tests must be performed to differentiate between other non-albicans species. ... 

Elevated serum formate concentrations may confirm the diagnosis and are a better measure of toxicity, but formate levels are not yet widely available. 

Serious signs that occur later in the course of the disease include exudation ( Wepm of serum, formation of vesides, ulceradon, exfbliadon of damaged cpideniiis, and, possibly, Uindness. 

Uses Texturizer, viscosity builder, serum formation inhibitor in set or stirred yogurts and dessert prods. texture improver and emulsifier in convenience foods Features Consistent vise, control soluble and gelling over wide pH range exc. flavor profile suitable for vegetarians Regulatory EU compliant Properties Neutral odor and odor... 

W. Vogt, L. Dieminger, R. Lynen, and G. Schmidt Alternative pathway for the activation of complement in human serum. Formation and composition of the complex with cobra venom factor that cleaves the third component of complement. 1974. Hoppe-Seyler s Z. Physiol Chem. 355, 171-183. 

Noncatalytic Reactions Chemical kinetic methods are not as common for the quantitative analysis of analytes in noncatalytic reactions. Because they lack the enhancement of reaction rate obtained when using a catalyst, noncatalytic methods generally are not used for the determination of analytes at low concentrations. Noncatalytic methods for analyzing inorganic analytes are usually based on a com-plexation reaction. One example was outlined in Example 13.4, in which the concentration of aluminum in serum was determined by the initial rate of formation of its complex with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde p-methoxybenzoyl-hydrazone. ° The greatest number of noncatalytic methods, however, are for the quantitative analysis of organic analytes. For example, the insecticide methyl parathion has been determined by measuring its rate of hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. 

An affinity sorbent based on WPA-PG carrying immobilized human IgG was applied to the isolation of the first component of the complement (Cl) from human serum and for its separation into subcomponents Clr, Cls and Clq by the one-step procedure [126,127]. Cl was quantitatively bound to the sorbent at 0 °C. The activities of subcomponents Clq and Clr2r2 in the unbound part of the serum were found to be 0.8% and 3.3% of the initial activities in serum. This fraction, therefore, could be used as a R1 reagent for determining the hemolytic activity of Cl. Apparently, the neighboring macromolecules of immobilized IgG resemble to some extent an immune complex, whereas Cl formation is facilitated due to the mobility of polymer chains with the attached IgG macromolecules (Cl is usually dissociated in serum by 30%). After activation of bound Cl by heating (30 °C, 40 min) the activated subcomponent Clr is eluted from the sorbent. Stepwise elution with 0.05 mol/1 EDTA at pH 7.4 or with 0.05 mol/1 EDTA + 1 mol/1 NaCl at pH 8.5 results in a selective and quantitative elution of the activated subcomponent Cls and subcomponent Clq. 

PTH is the most important regulator of bone remodelling and calcium homeostasis. PTH is an 84-amino acid polypeptide and is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to reductions in blood levels of ionised calcium. The primary physiological effect of PTH is to increase serum calcium. To this aim, PTH acts on the kidney to decrease urine calcium, increase mine phosphate, and increase the conversion of 25-OH-vitamin D to l,25-(OH)2-vitamin D. PTH acts on bone acutely to increase bone resorption and thus release skeletal calcium into the circulation. However, due to the coupling of bone resorption and bone formation, the longer-term effect of increased PTH secretion is to increase both bone resorption and bone formation. 

Active and passive immunity involve tiie use of agents that stimulate antibody formation (active immunity) or tiie injection of ready-made antibodies found in tiie serum of immune individuals or animals (passive immunity). The following sections describe active and passive immunity. 

Altered cell morphology Increased growth rate Increased saturation density Formation of multilayers Reduced adhesion to substratum Colony formation in soft agar Reduced serum requirement Altered growth factor requirement Tumor formation in athymic nude mice... 

Type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It is characterized by severe congenital jaundice (serum bilirubin usually exceeds 20 mg/dL) due to mutations in the gene encoding bilirubin-UGT activity in hepatic tissues. The disease is often fatal within the first 15 months of life. Children with this condition have been treated with phototherapy, resulting in some reduction in plasma bilirubin levels. Phenobarbital has no effect on the formation of bilirubin glucuronides in patients with type I Crigler-Najjar syndrome. A liver transplant may be curative. 

Vitamin D3 enters the skin microcirculation after formation and is bound to a specific globulin in the serum. It and vitamin D2 which is absorbed from the gut are subsequently metabolized to the 25-hydroxy derivative (25-OH-D) in the liver by an enzyme system which may or may not be regulated. The subsequent release of 25-OH-D from the liver is not well understood. There is evidence that it is secreted into the bile and subsequently reabsorbed by the intestine. The relative importance of this "enterohepatic" process and the release of this metabolite directly into the circulation from the liver is not known (26). 

Serum sickness. This occurs when there is an excess of anhgen to antibody, resulting in the formation of soluble complexes. These may circulate and cause systemic reactions or be widely deposited in the kidneys, joints and skin. A rise in temperature, swollen lymph nodes, a generalized urticarial rash and painful swollen joints occur. The rcpeated administration of foreign serum (e.g. antidiphtheria serum or antitetanus serum prepared in horses) can lead to this condition due to antibodies being produced to the horse protein material. 

KAPLAN M and AVIRAM M (1999) Oxidized low density lipoprotein atherogenic and proinflammatoiy characteristics during macrophage foam cell formation. An inhibitory role for nutritional antioxidants and serum paraoxonase Clinical Chemistry Laboratory Medicine 37,111-9,1. 

In this in vitro system, the presence of serum in cell culture medium is not necessary, but the type of transwell is important (the total amount of H-triglycerides secreted was two-fold higher when using 3 pm versus 1 pm pore size transwells), and oleic acid supplementation is required for the formation and secretion of CMs as well as the transport of 3-carotene through Caco-2 cells. Finally, the presence of Tween 40 does not affect CM synthesis and secretion in this in vitro cell culture system. Thus, CMs secreted by Caco-2 cells were characterized as particles rich in newly synthesized H-triglycerides (90% of total secreted) containing apolipoprotein B (30% of total secreted) and H-phospholipids (20% of total secreted) and with an average diameter of 60 nm. These characteristics are close to those of CMs secreted in vivo by enterocytes. ... 

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