Series compound-amount factor

The term [(1 + i) — 1 ]/i is commonly designated as the discrete uniform-series compound-amount factor or the series compound-amount factor. 

Sample calculations in reports, 462 Saran, 437, 440-442 Sawing for equipment fabrication, 447 Scale formation in evaporators, 355-360 Scaling for equipment cost estimation, 169-171 Scaling factors for heat transfer, 586-587 Scale-up for equipment specifications, 36-39 Schedule number for pipe, 493 Screen, cost of 567 Self insurance, 264-265 Sensitivity of results for pipe sizing, 367-368 Separators, cost of 559-561 Sequential analysis, 771-772 Series compound-amount factor, 227... 

The term [(1 + 0" -l]/ is designated commonly as series compound-amount factor. For example, saving in a bank account a monthly deposit of 100 at an annual rate of 5% over 40 years will bring a cumulative amount of 152602 . This amount is by far more substantial than 48000 saved over the sane period in a piggybank. Referred to the initial time, this would be worth only 21676 if the inflation rate is 5%. 

The factor, ——, is referred to as the continuous uniform-series compound-amount factor. Equation (17,30) seems hypothetical because, although interest can be credited continuously, payments cannot be made continuously. 

Present Worth Factor (Single Payment) Compound Amount Factor (Uniform Series)... 

Many times annual payments do not occur in equal amounts. Inflation causes annual increases in operating costs, and maintenance costs often increase with the age of the equipment. If a series of payments increases by an equal amount or gradient, G, each year, then a special compound interest factor can be used to reduce the gradient series to an equivalent equal-payment series. The following illustration shows a four-period gradient series that increases by G each period. 

Other effects. In addition to the compound formation and ionisation effects which have been considered, it is also necessary to take account of so-called matrix effects. These are predominantly physical factors which will influence the amount of sample reaching the flame, and are related in particular to factors such as the viscosity, the density, the surface tension and the volatility of the solvent used to prepare the test solution. If we wish to compare a series of solutions, e.g. a series of standards to be compared with a test solution, it is clearly essential that the same solvent be used for each, and the solutions should not differ too widely in their bulk composition. This procedure is commonly termed matrix matching. 

Concentrations in the region of 0.1 mol 1 1 are often convenient but it obviously depends upon such factors as the amount of substance available, the cost, the solubility, etc. From this stock solution, a series of accurate dilutions are prepared using volumetric glassware and the absorbance of each dilution measured in a 1-cm cuvette at the wavelength of maximum absorbance for the compound. A plot of absorbance against concentration will give an indication of the validity of the Beer-Lambert relationship for the compound and a value for the molar absorption coefficient may be calculated from these individual measurements or from the slope of the linear portion of the graph ... 

Quantification, then, requires only a single nitrogen-containing standard, which need not be structurally related to the analyte. Thus, the CLND opens a new avenue for concentration determinations in the absence of standards of the given analyte (23,24). Moreover, for determination of relative amounts, no standard whatsoever is necessary. All that are needed are the relative CLND peak areas and the molecular formulas of the analytes. Once the relative amounts are found, it is a simple matter to use UV peak areas (e.g., from a UV detector in series with the CLND) to determine the RRFs. Thus, UV response factors (per unit weight) for impurities relative to parent compounds can be determined by means of the following equation ... 

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