Series circuit characteristics

The necessary electrical output to the load is provided by a total of four independent TEG modules. This warrants operational safely and gives conadmble flexibility in adapting the output characteristics to the needs of CPS with varied electrical power demand by connecting the individual modules as required. Moreover, an open architecture of our TEG plant allows the flexible adjusting to various needs of a Customer and the connection of modules into parallel and series circuits contributing by this means to the reliability of a plant as a whole. 

We call an electrical circuit that contains both a series circuit and a parallel circuit a combination circuit. As shown in Figure 14-11, the two light-bulbs are in parallel to each other. Both bulbs are connected in series with the bell. Electrical engineers use this combination of the characteristics of... 

Figure 9.3 shows an example of how a model series circuit will look like in a Bode diagram. Most of the phase shift is within a frequency range of two decades, centered on the characteristic frequency 1.592 Hz where cp = 45°. Z, however, has hardly started to increase at the eharaeteristic frequency when passing toward lower frequencies. 

Impedance is the preferred parameter characterizing the two resistors, one capacitor series circuit, because it is defined by one unique time constant Xz (Eq. (12.8)). This time constant is independent of R, as if the circuit was current driven. The impedance parameter therefore has the advantage that measured characteristic frequency determining Xz is directly related to the capacitance and parallel conductance (e.g., membrane effects in tissue), undisturbed by an access resistance. The same is not true for the admittance the admittance is dependent both on xz and X2, and therefore on both R and G. 

When the resonant LC section is imbedded within the circuit shown in Fig. 1.12, and the source frequency is the same as the resonant frequency of the section, the circuit looks Hke the voltage source is connected to a series circuit consisting of Ri in series with Rq- All of the current from the source is delivered to the output resistor. At other frequencies, the impedance of the LC section provides a path for current to bypass Rq. From this we can conclude, without formal proof, that the circuit implements a bandpass Bode magnitude characteristic like that in Fig. 1.7, but with its peak value scaled by voltage division tohe Ro/ Ri + Rq). 

Voltammetric i—U curves taken [100] at 3mV/sec between 0 and 1.5 V are representative for the electrochemical conversion of chromium oxide layers at chromium contents above 10%. In contrast to the Pt-Au system, it is not possible to characterize the surface composition by i—U curves. However, the l/a>Cs—U curves in Fig. 22 display the two characteristic hydrogen peaks [28] between 0 and 0.4 V. Here 1/coCs is the capacitive component of the electrode impedance in an analog series circuit, measured by voltammetry with superimposed ac current at 1000 Hz. A calibration of the pseudocapacitance [20] of H atoms as a function of the number of Pt atoms on the surface is not feasible because of different roughness factors for the alloys and because of the slow dissolution of chromium oxide from the surface layers. The dissolution leads to a gradual increase of the capacitance with time. The... 

Since the lead-carbon HUCs have the same electrical circuit characteristics as that of conventional capacitors, the total capacitance of a lead-carbon HUC bank, with each cell having equivalent capacitance and connected in both series and parallel as shown in Figure 8.2, can be expressed as... 

These are meant to be used with a capacitor to tune a filter circuit, with resonances in the audio frequency range for reducing and filtering the harmonics or communication frequencies. They provide a near short-circuit for the required harmonics to filter them out of circuit. They may be single-phase or three-phase and connected in series or parallel of the capacitor circuit and may have a fixed or variable reactance, rated continuously with saturated magnetic characteristics. They may incur heavy losses. 

Figure 7. (A, top) Simple battery circuit diagram, where Cdl represents the capacitance of the electrical double layer at the electrode—solution interface (cf. discussion of supercapacitors below), W depicts the Warburg impedance for diffusion processes, Rj is the internal resistance, and Zanode and Zcathode are the impedances of the electrode reactions. These are sometimes represented as a series resistance capacitance network with values derived from the Argand diagram. This reaction capacitance can be 10 times the size of the double-layer capacitance. The reaction resistance component of Z is related to the exchange current for the kinetics of the reaction. (B, bottom) Corresponding Argand diagram of the behavior of impedance with frequency, f, for an idealized battery system, where the characteristic behaviors of ohmic, activation, and diffusion or concentration polarizations are depicted.

The firing characteristics of commercial electric detonators are shown in Ref 36, p 64, Fig 11, given here as Fig 13. The curve APB of Fig shows the relation between current t and "minimum lag time" for the most rapid detonator in the series, while the curve CPD shows the corresponding relation between current and "maximum excitation time " for the least sensitive detonator of the series. From the curve it can be seen that with current ij, the most rapid detonator will break the circuit in T4 milliseconds, whereas the least sensitive detonator requires at least T5 millisecs of current flow to enable it to fire. At a higher current 12, however, the excitation time T, is less than time T2 which is allowed by the most rapid detonator, and hence the least... 

Here we will consider mainly the short-circuit current (SCC) output stability characteristics of both small grain, thin film CdSe and Cd(Se,Te)-based PEC s as well as those of single crystal CdSe-based cells, wh are different crystal faces are exposed to the solution, after they have undergone any of a series of surface treatments. These studies show a strong dependence of the output stability on solution composition, on real electrode surface area, on surface treatment, on crystal face and on crystal structure (for the Cd(Se,Te) alloys) (1,2 7). 

In the above example, by changing the capacitor bank to a 500-kVAR unit, the resonance frequency is increased to 490 Hz, or the 8.2 harmonic. This frequency is potentially less troublesome. (The reader is encouraged to work out the calculations.) In addition, the transformer and the capacitor bank may also form a series resonance circuit as viewed from the power source. This condition can cause a large voltage rise on the 480-V bus with unwanted results. Prior to installing a capacitor bank, it is important to perform a harmonic analysis to ensure that resonance frequencies do not coincide with any of the characteristic harmonic frequencies of the power system. 

Fig. 4. Slope of the I- V characteristic at Fk as a function of the reciprocal short-circuit current. The relationship is linear with the slope defined as A V and the intercept on the y-axis is a current-independent resistance in series with the two junctions, y-intercept = 2.9 2 cm2, slope 71 mV.

EIS data analysis is commonly carried out by fitting it to an equivalent electric circuit model. An equivalent circuit model is a combination of resistances, capacitances, and/or inductances, as well as a few specialized electrochemical elements (such as Warburg diffusion elements and constant phase elements), which produces the same response as the electrochemical system does when the same excitation signal is imposed. Equivalent circuit models can be partially or completely empirical. In the model, each circuit component comes from a physical process in the electrochemical cell and has a characteristic impedance behaviour. The shape of the model s impedance spectrum is controlled by the style of electrical elements in the model and the interconnections between them (series or parallel combinations). The size of each feature in the spectrum is controlled by the circuit elements parameters. 

These equations with the operating parameters give the performance characteristics of a specific hydrocyclone design. A similar series of equations can also be used to describe the performance of gas cyclones of different, geometrically similar design. Gas and liquid cyclones are also often used for size classification in grinding circuits. 

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