Sensory-motor cortex

Fig. 7. The distribution of the NMDA receptor NRl subunit mRNA splice variants in the adult rat brain (X-ray film autoradiographs, horizontal sections). Pan, NRl total mRNA AV, anteroventral thalamic nuclei Cb, cerebellum Cp, caudate putamen Cx, neocortex Dg, denate granule cells ER, entorhinal cortex Hi, hippocampus S, septum smc, sensori-motor cortex T, thalamus. Scale bar, 1.8. mm (Laurie and Seeburg, 1994). See Fig. 6 for explanation of the nomenclature.

Fig. 7). Sensori-motor cortex has enriched expression of the exon 5 insertion (Laurie and Seeburg, 1994) (Fig. 7). 

Huntsman MM, Woods TM, Jones EG (1995) Laminar patterns of expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in monkey sensory motor cortex. J Comp Neurol 362 565-582. 

Donoghue JP, Kitai ST (1981) A collateral pathway to the neostriatum from corticofugal neurons of the rat sensory-motor cortex an intracellular HRP study. J. Comp. Neurol, 210, 1-13. 

Fig. 2. The relationship between GABA production and ChE activity in the sensori-motor cortex of 5 strains of rat. (See Table II for full names of all rat strains.)...

Low Avoidance (RLA). The fifth strain was an unselected strain of the original Roman stock, the Roman Control Avoidance (RCA) strain. As can be seen from Fig. 2, by making use of discrete behavioural strains and thus increasing the experimental variance while holding the error variance constant, a clear correlation is apparent between the two characters. This study has since been replicated on 8 strains in which the correlation between GABA production and ChE activity in the sensori-motor cortex was +0.88 (P < 0.001). 

Hohmann, C, F, WiLson, L and Coyle, J. T. (1991). Efferent and afferent connections of mouse sensory-motor cortex following cholinergic deafferentation at birth. Cerebral Cortex 1, 158-172. 

Fig. 19. Glucose utilization in four cortical areas following apomorphine. (A) Anterior cingulate cortex, (B) Sensory motor cortex layer IV, (C) Sensory motor cortex layer VI,...

Neurometabolite changes in leukoencephalopathy have been recorded using H MRS. Kassem et also used a battery of MRI techniques to characterise the condition of leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation. Mori et examined a patient with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease at ages 2, 6, 14, and 25 months. Finnsson et measured metabolite levels in the supraventricular white matter, which included an area under the sensory motor cortex. Absolute concentration of tNAA, Cho, and tCr, using internal water as a reference, were all reduced in patients compared to control subjects. However, there were no differences in the ratios of tNAA/ tCr or Cho/tCr between patients and controls. 

DeFelipe J, Jones EG (1988) Alight and electron microscopic study of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the monkey sensory-motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 71 171-182... 

The method is based on microinjections of the tracer BDA in the sensory-motor cortex of adult rats. The tracer is injected in conjunction with the glutamate receptor agonist NMDA. Probably due to the NMDA-induced, activity dependent enhancement of tracer uptake, this technique proves suitable to fill neurons in a Golgi-like fashion [37]. 

An inevitable consequence of ageing is an elevation of brain iron in specific brain regions, e.g. in the putamen, motor cortex, pre-frontal cortex, sensory cortex and thalamus, localized within H- and L-ferritin and neuromelanin with no apparent adverse effect. However, ill-placed excessive amounts of iron in specific brain cellular constituents, such as mitochondria or in specific regions brain, e.g. in the substantia nigra and lateral globus pallidus, will lead to neurodegenerative diseases (Friedreich s ataxia and Parkinson s disease (PD), respectively). We discuss here a few of the examples of the involvement of iron in neurodegenerative diseases. From more on iron metabolism see Crichton, 2001. 

In SUMMARY, areas of the cerebral cortex can be identified according to the bodily functions which they control. For example, the motor cortex for muscle control, somatosensory cortex for sensory input, visual cortex for visual input, an area concerned with speech, etc. In addition to these specific areas, the cortex also contains highly developed association areas which are probably involved in the complex synthesis of information. 

Tire neuronal events that occur within the cerebral cortex are extraordinarily complex and little understood 409 In what way the brain is able to initiate voluntary movement of muscles is obscure. However, it is established that the signals that travel out of the brain down the efferent fibers to the muscles arise from large motor neurons of the motor cortex,410 a region that extends in a band across the brain and adjacent to the sensory cortex (Fig. 30-14). The axons of these cells form the pyramidal tract that carries impulses downward to synapses in the spinal cord and from there to the neuromuscular junctions. These are specialized synapses at which acetycholine is released, carrying the signal to the muscle fibers themselves. Passing over the cell surface and into the... 

Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.33 Seizures are episodes of sudden, transient disturbances in cerebral excitation that occur when a sufficient number of cerebral neurons begin to fire rapidly and in synchronized bursts.42 Depending on the type of seizure, neuronal activity may remain localized in a specific area of the brain, or it may spread to other areas of the brain. In some seizures, neurons in the motor cortex are activated, leading to skeletal muscle contraction via descending neuronal pathways. These involuntary, paroxysmal skeletal muscle contractions seen during certain seizures are referred to as convulsions. However, convulsions are not associated with all types of epilepsy, and other types of seizures are characterized by a wide variety of sensory or behavioral symptoms. 

David Ferrier (1843-1928), Scottish scientist, maps the region of the brain called the motor cortex and discovers the sensory strip. 

The cerebral cortex of the brain is an approximately continuous, homogenous neural medium, which is molded (or rutted ) into preferred tracks of neural transmission by imprinting and by repeated activity (i.e., behavioral learning). Within this system, there exists a relatively discrete series of dimensions ("levels ) within which recurrent circular operations stabilize existing patterns (1) the sensory-motor loop, representing interaction with the physical/behavioral space outside, and (2) an internal behavior loop, which operates even in isolation from the... 

The areas of the brain that retained the greatest concentrations of the label after intravenous Injection of [ H]BZ Into cats (16) were motor cortex, sensory cortex, caudate nucleus, lateral geniculate, and medial geniculate Smaller concentrations were retained In thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, colliculi, cerebellar cortex, the pyramids of the medulla, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar white matter ... 

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