Sensors features

Figure 4-225 shows the inclination measurement using a triaxial sensor featuring three accelerometers. The three coordinates of the earth s gravitational acceleration vector serve to define this vector in the reference frame of the probe. The earth s acceleration is computed as... 

Levels, tapes, thermometers, hydrometers, light meters, smoke detectors, audio-sensors. Features such as cradle rails, safety eyes and climbing irons should be incorporated into the design of the building. 

Zinc carboxylate interactions have been exploited as part of a fluorescent molecular sensor for uronic acids. The sensors feature two interactions coordination of the carboxylate to the zinc and a boronic acid diol interaction.389 Photoluminescent coordination polymers from hydrothermal syntheses containing Zn40 or Zn4(OH)2 cores with isophthalate or fumarate and 4,4 -bipyridine form two- and three-dimensional structures. Single X-ray diffraction of both dicarboxylates identified the network structure.373... 

The following sensor features are of special interest for the production of washing machines and dishwashers... 

Feature extraction is of fundamental importance because sensor features are utilized in any successive elaboration to produce the output of the sensor system in terms of estimation of the measured quantities. 

Fig. 4.9. Simulated relative temperature differences, S2 to S4, between the different temperature sensor locations, T2 to T4, and Ti. The simulated sensor features a polysUicon plate in the center...

For gas-phase sensors, both remarkable selectivity and very low LOD are important. Sensors featuring MIP recognition combined with SAW transduction can meet these requirements. The MIP-PZ chemosensors operating in gases are devised for two main applications, namely for indoor gas inspection and online monitoring of volatile organic compounds. The latter is essential to protect humans from threats of environmental atmospheric pollutants. 

Fig. 3 Relative mass change with time of the QCM sensors featuring MIP-PMMA and NIP-PMMA blend films at 30 °C for sorhed vapours of (a) toluene and (b) 1,4-xylene. At zero time the toluene or 1,4-xylene vapour is passed and at the time of 60 min nitrogen gas is passed (1,1 ) 1,4-xylene-MIP-PMMA, (2, 2 ) toluene-MIP-PMMA, (5,5 ) NIP-PMMA (adapted from [113])...

A theoretical dimensionality of the hyperspace of independent chemical sensor features has been estimated to be 1021 (Fig. 21.1) and includes the permutations of varying sensing materials, transducer principles, and modes of operation for each sensor/transducer combination.13 As shown in the present book, all types of sensing materials have been explored with combinatorial technologies, which demonstrates the desire of the sensing community for the accelerated development of sensing materials using newly introduced research tools. 

T. , Transducer Modu at on. Matenals transducers+ + . + Geometries Parameters Parameter j Shapes Multiple Modulation Parameters Hyperspace of Chemical Sensor Features... 

Fig. 21.1 Hyperspace of chemical sensor features with about 1021 independent features. Reprinted with permission from Gopel et al.1 Copyright 1998 Elsevier...

A second sensor downstream of the catalyst, first introduced to meet the OBD diagnostic requirement such as catalyst monitoring (Section 7.15.1.7), is now also used to correct the aging behavior of the front sensor (Fig. 17.15.4). Protected by the catalyst against poisoning and high amounts of unreacted gas mixture, this rear sensor features a very stable signal characteristic over life. All new lambda control systems of recent years are based on this two-sensor concept. 

This convergence model works well when the different sensors are reasonably uncorrelated, since the projection of sensor features across the SOM lattice approximates a uniform distribution, i.e., maximum entropy (Lancet et al. 1993 Laaksonen et al. 2003). Unfortunately, the population of sensors created through IR absorption spectra tends to be over-sampled. As a result, a few SOM nodes tend to receive the majority of input, which capture the common-mode response of the sensor, overshadowing the most discriminatory information. To avoid this issue, the activity of each SOM node is normalized by the number of sensor features that converge onto it ... 

The neuromorphic scheme employed an affinity space to cluster sensor features with similar selectivity. Conventional statistical pattern recognition approaches for clustering operate in the feature space, where each input dimension corresponds to a particular feature (or sensor). Figure 6.6a shows a hypothetical example where multiple samples from two odorants (A, B) have been sampled with a two-sensor array (SI, S2). Samples that belong to the same (odor) class cluster together in feature space, as shown in Fig. 6.6. a. In contrast to feature space, each dimension in affinity space corresponds... 

After introduction a prototype of intelligent multi-sensor system for driver status monitoring— DeCaDrive is presented in Section 2. The system expansion with embedded impedance spectroscopy sensor, its analog front-end and sensor data preprocessing are addressed in Section 3. Multi-sensor feature computation and data fusion as well as neural network based pattern classification are discussed in Section 4. The extended system is validated and evaluated by presenting the experimental results in Section 5. Finally, with future perspectives the current work is concluded in Section 6. 

Due to different driving styles, physiological conditions, etc., the dynamic range and variation of sensor data differ significantly among individual test subjects. In order to consolidate sensor features of respective test subjects feature vectors are normalized as per Eq. 3,... 

Steering percentage, head position in 3D coordinate system of Kinect sensor, mean eyebrow position, mean blink frequency, pulse rate LF/HF ratio and mean pulse rate. Feature set only IS indicates IS-sensor features being addressed in Section 4 only. Feature set without IS means the total feature set excluding IS-sensor features, while full represents the complete feature set. The combination of 8 SFS and IS yielded the best result in the experiment. 

As the planar counterpart of fiber-optic sensors, integrated optical sensors use on-chip components such as waveguides and resonators to perform molecular detection. Compared with conventional sensors based on bench-top instruments, integrated planar sensors feature small-footprint and low-power consumption and require a minimal amount of analyte, and their manufacturing is potentially compatible with standard semiconductor microfabrication process flow [1-3]. ChG glasses are uniquely poised as an attractive material candidate for on-chip optical sensors these glasses possess high... 

Reproducible definition of electrochemicaUy accessible electrode area requires reproducible raw materials, reproducible surface energy of sensor substrate, reproducible dispersion of all electrode components and reproducible viscosity of all media, and transfer of reproducible matrix volumes. Since CGM sensors feature very small electrodes with a typical thickness of 20 pm or less and characteristic electrode dimensions of 500 pm or less, these requirements tend to be more challenging than for BGM sensors. 

Attempts to relate the signal of sensors to olfaction sensations episodically appeared in the 1960s. But the advent of artificial olfaction is associated to the development of solid-state gas sensors and interestingly it involves a sensors feature that has been traditionally considered as a negative property of these devices. 

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