Sensor applications agriculture

Campbell DP, Hartman NF, Walsh JL, Akki U (1994) Integrated optic gaseous NH3 sensor for agricultural applications. Proc SPIE 2345 314—323... 

In agriculture, gas sensors can be used for animal and plant disease diagnostics detection of contaminants and pathogens in milk, meat, and other foods and determination of product quality such as the ripeness and flavors of fruits and vegetables in the field (Taylor 1996 Wilson and Baietto 2009). Pharmaceutics is another important field for gas sensor applications. Drug discovery is critical in the development and commercialization of new pharmaceuticals, providing the basis for new drugs and new therapies. 

The book explores various examples of these important materials, including perovskites, zeolites, mesoporous molecular sieves, silica, alumina, active carbons, carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, clays, pillared clays, hydrotalcites, alkali metal titanates, titanium silicates, polymers, and coordination polymers. It shows how the materials are used in adsorption, ion conduction, ion exchange, gas separation, membrane reactors, catalysts, catalysts supports, sensors, pollution abatement, detergency, animal nourishment, agriculture, and sustainable energy applications. 

Force sensors are not used in general automotive applications. In agricultural machines a force sensor measures the load at the connection rod [1], Some force sensors are specially made for measuring forces during vehicle testing and validation. Often metal strain gauges are welded to the devices under test The data is sometimes needed for system development or to verify simulation results. The first and only mass production of torque sensors is in electrical steering systems [2]. 

Chemical sensors and biosensors will also find applications in agriculture, drug discovery, robotics, and organic computing devices. Agricultural applications... 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Principles and Instrumentation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Flow Injection Analysis Principles Instrumentation Detection Techniques Environmental and Agricultural Applications Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications Industrial Applications. Microelectrodes. Sensors Chemically Modified Electrodes. Thin-Layer Chromatography Overview. Water Analysis Freshwater Seawater - Inorganic Compounds. 

Just as the spectra describe the distribution of variance over different freqnencies or wave numbers, the cospectra describe the distribution of covariances over different frequencies or wave numbers. Vertical fluxes of momentum, heat, moisture, and pollutants are proportional to the co-variances and are important in atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics. They also have important applications to agricultural problems and to oceanography. In order to measure these quantities, instruments must be designed with the proper frequency response to give correct estimates. Area estimates of surface fluxes can be obtained by using remote-sensing sensors in the atmospheric sm-face layer on a scale of kilometers. 

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