Sensitizing efficiency

The chemical sensitization effect was 0.006 (calculated from the quantum yield of the photochemical transformation of 130 to 131, the yield of 131 obtained with the oxalate/hydrogen peroxide reaction, and the moles of oxalate employed). Higher chemical sensitization efficiencies (about 0.04) were observed when the oxalate/hydrogen-peroxide system was used in the addition of ethyl vinyl ether onto phenanthrene quinone... 

Indirect evidence for the formation of a complex intermediate in diffusional energy transfer processes may be provided by the measurement of kt from both donor quenching and acceptor sensitization at low temperatures where kQC kf = 1/T° in this case exciplex relaxation should reduce the quencher sensitization efficiency but leave the donor fluorescence quenching constant unchanged. 

Photo-oxidation of LCV by the Pyrene-Bonded Film. The surface properties and structure of these systems should be related to the sensitizer efficiency of pyrenyl groups. Pyrene is a good sensitizer for the oxidative color formation of LCV. The singlet excited state of Py acts as an electron acceptor bringing about one electron oxidation of LCV+. The unit processes are considered as... 

When electron transfer sensitizers are bonded to polymers the sensitizer efficiency is in general reduced. This is caused by (a) loss of segment mobility, (b) enhanced excimer formation (energy trap), (c) enhanced side reactions, and... 

The optimum sensitization efficiency from 30 to 50% was observed at concentrations of dyes 10 3 M. The experimental data for photoconductivity of PAC sensitized by methylene blue are shown in Fig. 46. It is significant that a... 

In Table 11, photopolymerization speeds were measured by step-wedge exposure in film-based compositions containing MB and a triacrylate monomer. The comparison, largely for amine-type activators and enolates, shows only a 5x variation in viscous films compared to approximately 20x for similar activators in solution. The absolute loss in system photospeed on changing from solution to film composition is estimated to be near 60x for NPG and TBBS. This loss of reactivity is presumed to be caused by viscosity differences between the two media reflected in lower overall sensitization efficiency in films as a result of increased competition of dye radiationless decay relative to bimolecular quenching. 

Adams GE, Clarke ED, Flockhart IR, Jacobs RS, Sehmi DS, Stratford IJ, Wardman P, Watts ME, Parrick J, Wallace RG, Smithen CE (1979) Structure-activity relationships in the development of hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. I. Sensitization efficiency. Int J Radiat Biol 35 133-150... 

Superior sensitivity, efficiency, and specificity have made high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), the predominant analytical technique for characterization and quantitative analysis of metabolites (Kostiainen et al., 2003 Ma et al., 2006 Prakash et al., 2007). Ion trap, triple-quadrupole, and quadmpole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometers are routinely used to profile and characterize metabolites in plasma and excreta (Ma et al., 2006). The combination of scan types and features available on mass spectrometers of different design (product ion, MS", neutral loss, precursor ion scans, accurate mass measurements) allows identification and characterization of putative and unexpected metabolites with or without little prior knowledge of biotransformation pathways of a given dmg molecule. 

Nanoanalyses relay on the most sensitive, efficient, and reproducible detectors. The art of hyphenation of the detectors with nano-HPLC is the most important and crucial aspect in separation science at the trace level. In spite of the use of many detectors in nano-LC, the sensitivity of detection at the nanolevel is still a challenging job. However, this task may be achieved by using very... 

Lifetimes, intrinsic and overall quantum yields, and sensitization efficiency for 1 1 complexes formed with ligands... 

Third There has been spectacular progress in developing short-term tests that use microorganisms and mammalian cell cultures. These tests are sensitive, efficient, reproducible, and inexpensive, but their relevance for humans is uncertain. Germinal tests on laboratory mice... 

Dabestani, R. Bard, A. J. Campion, A. Fox, M. A. Mallouk, T. E. Webber, S. E. White, J. M. Sensitization of titanium dioxide and strontium titanate electrodes by ruthenium(II) tris(2,2 -bipyridine-4,4 -dicarboxylic acid) and zinc tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphyrin An evaluation of sensitization efficiency for component photo-electrodes in a multipanel device, J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 1872. 

France CP (1995) A sensitive, efficient drug discrimination procedure for studying kappa antagonists in rhesus monkeys. Analgesia 1 421-424... 

Visible-light detectors are extremely sensitive, efficient and may also offer high time resolution. 

NIR luminescence (900 to 1600nm for Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) was detected in both the solid state and solution upon excitation of the electronic state of the indacene moiety at 514 nm. The quantum yield of the Yb(III) complex in dichloromethane is 0.31%, corresponding to about 63% sensitization efficiency from the ligand. 

Recently there has been a lot of interest in energy migration in Gd compounds, because this opens interesting possibilities to obtain new, efficient luminescent materials (201,202). The Gd sublattice is sensitized and activated. The sensitizer efficiently absorbs ultraviolet radiation and transfers this to the Gd " " sublattice. By energy migration in this sublattice the activator is fed and emission results. Absorption and quantum efficiencies of over 90% have been attained. The physical processes can be schematically presented as follows ... 

More recent work has concentrated on quantitative evaluations of the dependence of Os on Fred- Two studies in particular have examined the dependence of spectral sensitization efficiency on the redox potentials of the sensitizers using classical Marcus theory (Eqs. (105), (106)) [188]. 

The photolysis of benzoyl azide can be sensitized efficiently by benzophenone" . Other conventional sensitizers such as naphthalene, triphenylene and anthraquinone have been reported to have only a small effect on the photoreaction, diazo-iso-butyronitrile and fluo-rene to have none. In the benzophenone-sensidzed reaction, where triplet nitrenes are formed directly, the only reaction product in alcohol soludon is benzamide, which is obtained in quandtadve yield. This demonstrates again the different chemistry of singlet and triplet nitrene routes in azide photolysis. 

Results and discussion. The most effective substance was found to be (among the S-compounds) diphenyl sulphide. On the other side, p-nitro-p-amino-diphenyl sulphide hcw d nearly complete lack of activity. In the group of substituted sulphoxides and sulphides, may be noticed the dependence of sensitizing efficiency on the electromeric effects in the molecule. At present status of the work it is imposible to predict whether this result has as its own basis an I - or M - effect. However, decrease of sensitizing ability of discussed compounds may also be connected with disturbance of coplanarity of photosensitizers structures. 

Detectability (target concentration at which signal/noise ratio just exceeds that of blanks) and sensitivity ( = efficiency of hybridization times efficiency of label detection)... 

For comparison with the alternating copolymer we synthesized a randcm polymer of 2-VN and MA containing ca. 10 mol of 2-VN (higher naphthyl contents did not dissolve In basic H O). Solubilization by this copolymer demonstrates 1) a much lower sensitization efficiency than the alternating copolymer, 2) no spectral shift between directly excited and sensitized AnOH, and 3) In the absense of AnOH a clearly discernible exclmer component In the fluorescence (see Fig. 7). While comparison of the alternating and random copolymer Is dangerous because of the different naphthyl contents, these results do Imply that 1) the AnOH Is not preferentially associated with the naphthyl moieties In the random copolymer, and 2) the red-shift observed In the sensitized AnOH fluorescence for P(2VN-alt-MA) is the result of naphthalene - anthryl Interactions. 

---