Sensitization, by injections

Macher and Sennlaub (1963) also injected DNCB into the lymph nodes (0.1% to 5% or 65 y to 3550 y per guinea pig). They obtained 50 sensitized guinea pigs out of 118 (solution used for the test 0.1 and 0.25% DNCB in alcohol). 

Bj splenic administration. Grimmer (1961) obtained a sensitization by injecting in the spleen 900 y of DNCB in alcohol. 

By intravenous or intracardiac administration. This method is of no interest (Landsteiner and Jacobs, 1935 Landsteiner and Chase, 1940). 

Intradermal injections, combined with the application of a DNCB solution on the skin of guinea pigs, induce an appreciable sensitization (Landsteiner and Chase, 1937). This technique has been produced by many authors, either with DNCB, or with other allergens. We have also employed it for citraconic anhydride (p. 32) and propionic anhydride (p. 35). 

These methods have been especially developed by Landsteiner and Jacobs (1936), Landsteiner and Chase (1940, 1941) and Chase (1954) There are 3 preparations for the injection  

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Allergy a hypersensitivity of the immune apparatus s pathological immune reaction induced either by antibodies (immediate hypersensitivity) or by lymphoid cells (delayed type A.). Unlike the delayed type, immediate hypersensitivity can be passively transmitted in the serum. Symptoms of immediate hy-peisensitivity begin shortly after contact and decay rapidly, but delayed type symptoms do not attain a maximum for 24-48 hours then decline slowly over days or weeks Examples of immediate type A. are anaphylaxis the Arthus reaction and serum sickness. The best known A., anaphylaxia, can occur as a local (cutaneous) reaction (e.g. a rash with blisters) or as a systemic reaction (anaphylactic shock). Asthma, hay fever and nettle rashes are also examples of local anaphylactic reactions which are induced by reagins (see Immunoglobulins IgE). Only primates can be sensitized by injection with human reagins. An example of delayed type A. is the tuberculin reaction, which is based on a cellular immune response. 

CH rCHCH NHCSNH. Colourless crystalline solid with a faint garlic-like odour m.p. 74 C. Manufactured by treating propenyl isothiocyanate with a solution of ammonia in alcohol. It has been given by injection in the treatment of conditions associated with the formation of excessive fibrous tissue. Toxic side reactions may occur. Propenyl thiourea is a chemical sensitizer for photographic silver halide emulsions. 

Although the antibacterial spectmm is similar for many of the sulfas, chemical modifications of the parent molecule have produced compounds with a variety of absorption, metaboHsm, tissue distribution, and excretion characteristics. Administration is typically oral or by injection. When absorbed, they tend to distribute widely in the body, be metabolized by the Hver, and excreted in the urine. Toxic reactions or untoward side effects have been characterized as blood dyscrasias crystal deposition in the kidneys, especially with insufficient urinary output and allergic sensitization. Selection of organisms resistant to the sulfonamides has been observed, but has not been correlated with cross-resistance to other antibiotic families (see Antibacterial AGENTS, synthetic-sulfonamides). 

Toxicity. MEDINA is apparently non-toxic to rabbit penile mucosa its cumulative effect on abraded and intact rabbit skin is slightly greater than Tetryl no damage was observed to rabbit cornea and there was no evidence of sensitization by subcutaneous injection in guinea pigs. It was concluded that its toxicity is similar to that of Tetryl (Ref 11, p 138)... 

Quantitation is performed by the calibration technique. A new calibration curve is constructed with each dinifroaniline standard solution. The peak area is plotted against the injected amount of standard. Each dinifroaniline in the sample is measured by using the peak area for each standard. Before each set of measurements, the sensitivity and stability of the GC and HPLC system is ascertained by injecting more than one standard solution containing ca 0.05-2 mg L of each compound. 

Optimizing the GC instrument is crucial for the quantitation of sulfentrazone and its metabolites. Before actual analysis, the temperatures, gas flow rates, and the glass insert liner should be optimized. The injection standards must have a low relative standard deviation (<15%) and the calibration standards must have a correlation coefficient of at least 0.99. Before injection of the analysis set, the column should be conditioned with a sample matrix. This can be done by injecting a matrix sample extract several times before the standard, repeating this conditioning until the injection standard gives a reproducible response and provides adequate sensitivity. 

Quantitation is performed by the calibration technique. Construct a new calibration curve with thenylchlor standard solutions for each set of analyses. The thenylchlor peak usually appears at a retention time around 4.5 min. Plot the peak area against the injected amount of thenylchlor. The injection volume (2 pL) should be kept constant as the peak area varies with the injection volume with NPD. Before injecting the sample solutions, check the stability of sensitivity of the GC system by injecting more than one standard solution containing ca 0.05-2 ng of thenylchlor. Recommendation inject standard solutions and sample solutions alternately rather than constructing the calibration curve in advance. 

Recently a decreased level of CE activity has been noticed with a shift of attention towards other separation techniques such as electrochromatography. CE is apparently not more frequently used partly because of early instrumental problems associated with lower sensitivity, sample injection, and lack of precision and reliability compared with HPLC. CE has slumped in many application areas with relatively few accepted routine methods and few manufacturers in the market place. While the slow acceptance of electrokinetic separations in polymer analysis has been attributed to conservatism [905], it is more likely that as yet no unique information has been generated in this area or eventually only the same information has been gathered in a more efficient manner than by conventional means. The applications of CE have recently been reviewed [949,950] metal ion determination by CE was specifically addressed by Pacakova et al. [951]. 

Flow injection analysis has been used for the automated determination of hydrogen sulfide in seawater [20]. A low-sensitivity flow injection analysis manifold for concentrations up to 200 imol/l hydrogen sulfide had a detection limit of 0.12 xmol/l. Sulfide standards were calibrated by colorimetric measurement of the excess tri-iodide ion remaining after reaction of sulfide with iodine. The coefficient of variation was less than 1% at concentrations greater than 10 imol/l. The method was fast, accurate, sensitive enough for most natural waters, and could be used both for discrete and continuous analysis. 

Methods for determination of thiol drugs (i.e., captopril [21-25], penicillamine [26-28], hydrochlorothiazide [24, 25, 29, 30], and tiopronin [31, 32]) have been developed. These methods are based on CL from a cerium (IV) oxidation system sensitized by adequate fluorophores such as quinine and rhodamine B. By using HPLC-coupled CL-flow-injection analysis method, tiopronin and its metabolite 2-mercaptopropionic acid in human urine were sensitively determined with the detection limits of 0.8 and 1 pM, respectively [32],... 

Early phase methods usually adopt a simple way to establish method sensitivity by preparing a 0.05% solution of the API relative to the standard solution, which is injected multiple times during validation to obtain an RSD value (<15%, N=6). Later, this solution is injected every time the method is used to assure that adequate sensitivity is observed at the time of use. 

Delusions/Psychosis. Demented patients who are acutely psychotic and agitated should be treated in much the same manner as demented patients with delirium. Low doses of a high potency conventional antipsychotic like haloperidol were once preferred. This was mainly because it can be given both orally and by injection. In recent years, the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone, which is now also available in oral and injectable forms, has superseded haloperidol as the preferred agent when treating the acutely psychotic and agitated patient with dementia. As previously noted, ziprasidone affords the same tranquilizing benefit as haloperidol, it can now be administered via injection when necessary, and it avoids the problematic extrapyramidal symptoms of haloperidol to which patients with dementia are often keenly sensitive. 

Some analytes are volatile enough to be analysed by GC, but too involatile to give sufficient sensitivity by headspace injection modes. In these cases, all may not be lost. The programmed temperature vaporiser (PTV) can provide a means of selectively injecting the desired analyte onto the column whilst excluding undesired components such as solvents and involatUes. This is variously known as selective extraction or selective exclusion. It permits large volume injections (LVI) and difficult matrix introduction (DMI). 

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