Semiconductors hybrid systems

We now deal with the structures that molecules build on substrate surfaces at full coverage, that is in the ML regime. Such hybrid systems are known as heterostructures. H. Kroemer dehned heterostructures as heterogeneous semiconductor structures built from two or more different semiconductors, in such a way that the transition region or interface between the different materials plays an essential role in any device action (Kroemer, 2001). The term heterostructure can be generalized to any... 

Water supplied to industry has to meet stringent specifications. For example, process water for the chemical and biotechnology industries is routinely purified beyond potable water standards. Boiler feed water for steam generation must contain a minimum of silica. Reverse osmosis units designed specifically for these purposes are in widespread use today. For example, reverse osmosis/distillation hybrid systems have been designed to separate organic liquids. For semiconductor manufacture, reverse osmosis is combined with ultrafiltration, ion exchange, and activated carbon adsorption to produce the extremely clean water required. 

Another possible application for high temperature superconductors is as interconnects in computer systems with semiconducting devices (31). These could be called hybrid systems, since they involve both superconductors and semiconductors. In particular CMOS devices are well-known to have enhanced performance at 77 K and are thus potentially compatible with YBaCuO. 

Similarly, semiconductor QDs were integrated with proteins, such that the hybrid systems would permit the real-time analysis of catalytic transformations stimulated by the proteins [102, 192-194]. For example, the hydrolytic functions of a series of proteolytic enzymes were followed by the application of QD reporter units, using the FRET process as a readout mechanism. In this case, the QlSe QDs were modified with peptide sequences that were specific for different proteases, where the quencher units were tethered to the peptide termini. Within the QDs/fluorophore-modified hybrid assembly, the fluorescence of the QDs was quenched. Subsequent hydrolytic... 

Those areas which have received great attention in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry recently have been the chromatographic infrared spectrometry hybrid systems. This includes gas chromatography-infrared spectrometry and liquid chromatography-infrared spectrometry. Two other areas of current interest are photoacoustic-infrared spectroscopy and the use of infrared spectroscopy to determine impurities in semiconductor materials. 

Semiconductor photodiodes are the natural choice for building an optofluidic device with integrated on-chip detection. The immediate consequence is that the chip has to either be entirely semiconductor based or be a hybrid system with soft material fluidic components and a solid-state... 

In addition, charge carrier mobilities larger than 1 cm A/ s for processable semiconductors are needed. These values have to be achieved in the final device using high volume processes. Charge carrier mobility in the order of 5-10 cmWs would be a major advance since it enables more complex devices. As a result, the existing materials have to be optimised or new material classes have to be developed. In addition to polymers, this includes small molecule and inorganic semiconductor materials as well as nanomaterials and new hybrid systems that can be processed from solution. 

This chapter describes fundamental aspects of the electronic structure of organic semiconductors (small molecules and polymers), and their interfaces, and the method to bridge the electronic structure and electrical property more directly using ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES), which is the most surface-sensitive method, is also introduced for study of electronic states at outermost surfaces of solids, which are responsible for charge exchange through the interfaces between different materials when they get contact to form a hybrid system. 

This chapter is divided into a number of sections that describe important details related to the conductive polymer/superconductor structures. First, information is provided concerning the preparation and characterization of various polymer/superconductor structures. Chemical and electrochemical deposition methods for localizing the polymers onto a number of cuprate phases are discussed. Section III is devoted to relevant background information related to the induction of superconductivity into metals and semiconductor systems via the proximity effect. More specifically, the four basic methods that have been used to study the occurrence of proximity effects in classical solid-state conductors are described (i.e., contact resistance, modulation of superconductivity in normal/superconductor bilayer structures, passage of supercurrent through superconductor/ normal/superconductor systems, and theoretical analyses). Sections IV and V are devoted to experimental studies of conductive polymer/superconductor interface resistances and modulation of superconductivity in the hybrid systems. Finally, there is a discussion of the initial experimental results that explores the possible induction of superconductivity into organic materials. 

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