Semiconductor-Related Applications

Two maj or contributors to this rapid growth are plasma CVD and metallo-organic CVD (MOCVD). Both are extensively reviewed in this new edition. Likewise, the growing importance of CVD in the production of semiconductor and related applications is emphasized with a systematic and detailed analysis of the role of CVD in this field. 

The most likely CVD applications of these superconductors to reach the practical stage are coatings for semiconductor and other electronic-related applications. For 1 arger current-carrying applications, a superconductor coating over a metallic conductor such as copper may also become a practical design because of its advantage over a monolithic superconductor wire. It is able to handle current excursions and has better mechanical properties. 

Nair, E K. Nair, M. T. S. Garcia, V. M. Arenas, O. L. Pena, Y. Castillo, A. Ayala, I. T. Gomezdaza, O. Sanchez, A. Campos, I Hu, H. Suarez, R. Rincon, M. E. 1998. Semiconductor thin films by chemical bath deposition for solar energy related applications. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 52 313-344. 

The earliest example of the semiconductor photocatalysis application as a method of disinfection was published by Matsunaga et al. (1985). This work reveals that Ti02 particles were effective in the inactivation of bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli. To date more than 200 studies are related with this subject and at least three reviews were dedicated to photocatalytic disinfection (Blake et al. 1999 Srinivasan and Somasundaram 2003 Carp et al. 2004). Some general conclusions on Ti02 disinfection are reported below and the literature will be discussed more specifically throughout the chapter. 

All books, reviews, and entries on CPs describe the potential applications. Chandrasekhar and others ° have reviewed in comprehensive fashion the applications of CPs, including batteries sensors electro-optic and optical devices microwave- and conductivity-based technologies electrochromic devices electrochemomechanical and chemomechanical devices corrosion protection semiconductor, lithography, and electrically related applications— photovoltaics, heterojunction, and photoelectrochemical cells capacitors electrolytic and electroless metal plating CP-based molecular electronic devices catalysis and delivery of drugs and chemicals membranes and LEDs. 

For bulk semiconductors and multiple quantum well structures (one-dimensional confined semiconductors), transport properties are of great interest and are important for practical applications such as transistors and detectors. Semiconductor nanoclusters are usually confined in three-dimensions by insulating matrices such as polymers and glasses, where the transport of carriers is not feasible. To explore transport-related applications of semiconductor clusters, a matrix that is capable of transporting carriers is needed, In addition, the redox properties of the matrix have to allow injection of carriers from semiconductor nanoclusters to the matrix. 

Recently, several photoactive polymers have been examined that fit these criteria. They include JV-polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) [101,102], (phenyl-methyljpolysilane (PMPS) [103], and amine-doped polycarbonate [104], All are known hole-transporting polymers. A large number of semiconductor nanoclusters can be doped into these polymers and interact with the polymer and facilitate carrier injection into the polymer [101-104]. Dramatic enhancement in charge generation efficiency has been observed. The availability of these semiconductor nanocluster/polymer composites opens the doorway for exploring transport-related applications. In the following sections, I review their photoconductive properties and discuss possibilities in other related areas. 

The diffusion mechanisms of dilute Fe atoms in semiconductors are currently one of the most important topics in solid-state physics and related applications. Dilute impurity Fe atoms aregenerallythoughtto occupy only interstitial sites in Si, resulting in rapid diffusion. Fe atoms usually contaminate Si via diffusion annealing and quenching from high temperatures during fabrication of Si wafers. The nature of Fe impurities has been evaluated at low temperatures in such samples. The nature of Fe impurities were then evaluated at low temperature in such samples that must contain differently distributed and/or clustered Fe atoms. 

The efficiency of particulate removal will depend on the analytical requirements, but for the semiconductor industry it is typical to work in environments that contain 1 or 10 particles (<0.2 p) per cubic foot of air (class 1 and 10 clean rooms, respectively). These kinds of precautions are absolutely necessary to maintain low instrn-ment background levels for the analysis of semiconductor-related samples, but might not be required for other types of applications. So, even though contamination-free analysis is important, it might be sufficient to work in a class 100, 1000, or 10,000 clean room and still meet your cleanliness objectives. ... 

In this chapter, first various band calculations in relation to intrinsic properties and crystal growth by various methods to clarily electrical, optical, and mechanical properties at room temperature are reviewed. Second, high-temperature properties, which are indispensable with the development of high-temperature devices, clarify impurity levels and lattice scattering processes. Finally, the applications of new refractory semiconductors to electronic devices such as junction devices and energy-related applications of photocathode and thermoelectric devices are reviewed. 

The interest of physicists in the conducting polymers, their properties and applications, has been focused on dry materials 93-94 Most of the discussions center on the conductivity of the polymers and the nature of the carriers. The current knowledge is not clear because the conducting polymers exhibit a number of metallic properties, i.e., temperature-independent behavior of a linear relation between thermopower and temperature, and a free carrier absorption typical of a metal. Nevertheless, the conductivity of these specimens is quite low (about 1 S cm"1), and increases when the temperature rises, as in semiconductors. However, polymers are not semiconductors because in inorganic semiconductors, the dopant substitutes for the host atomic sites. In conducting polymers, the dopants are not substitutional, they are part of a nonstoichiometric compound, the composition of which changes from zero up to 40-50% in... 

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