Seed production methods

In the most common production method, the semibatch process, about 10% of the preemulsified monomer is added to the deionised water in the reactor. A shot of initiator is added to the reactor to create the seed. Some manufacturers use master batches of seed to avoid variation in this step. Having set the number of particles in the pot, the remaining monomer and, in some cases, additional initiator are added over time. Typical feed times ate 1—4 h. Lengthening the feeds tempers heat generation and provides for uniform comonomer sequence distributions (67). Sometimes skewed monomer feeds are used to offset differences in monomer reactivity ratios. In some cases a second monomer charge is made to produce core—shell latices. At the end of the process pH adjustments are often made. The product is then pumped to a prefilter tank, filtered, and pumped to a post-filter tank where additional processing can occur. When the feed rate of monomer during semibatch production is very low, the reactor is said to be monomer starved. Under these... 

Intellectual Property (IP) A product of the intellect that has commercial value, including patents on seeds, inventive methods, or gene sequences. 

This simple but basic technique has been used to great advantage in the development and production of superior corn hybrids. Even though cytoplasmic male sterility supplanted detasseling for a time, mechanical control of male fertility is currrently the method of choice in hybrid corn seed production (1). ... 

Alloplasmlc conversion Is a strategy which emerged from capabilities developed with plant protoplasts. Originally touted as a method for the recovery of exotic Interspecific hybrids (12), protoplast fusion has proven to be an excellent way to approach the wholesale manipulation of mitochondrial genes (13). The predominant trait of note Is cytoplasmic male sterility (cms), which Is of Interest to the seed Industry as a tool to facilitate hybrid seed production. Little or no Impact on possible value-added traits Impacting on food quality, however, Is anticipated from alloplasmlc conversion. 

Lewers, K.S. S.K. St. Martin B.R. Hedges M.P. Widrlechner R.G. Palmer. Hybrid soybean seed production Comparison of three methods. Crop Sci. 1996,36, 1560-1567. 

All of the production methods from here on out use lysergic acid as the starting material. These methods may be preferable if the alkaloids have been extracted from seeds rather than ergot, because the crystallization of lysergic acid affords an excellent opportunity to remove the clavine alkaloids present in the seeds. 

Synthetic varieties are based on several (more than two) weU-combining parental lines or clones which are grown together in a polycross scheme with open pollination for seed production. The uniformity and performance is not as high as at F, hybrids but the method is simpler and cheaper and the seed quality acceptable for crop production until the second or third generation. Synthetic cultivars are known for chamomile (Franz et al., 1985), arnica (Daniel and Bomme, 1991), marjoram (Franz and Novak, 1997), sage (Aiello et al., 2001), or caraway (Pank et al., 2007). 

Hax is a diploid (2n=30) autogamous (primarily self-pollinating) crop plant. Improvement in flax has lagged behind other oilseeds, including canola and soybean, in part because flax occupies a smaller niche as an oilseed and, consequently, received reduced resources for development. Genetic diversity within the crop is low, and cannot be readily supplemented by intraspecific hybridization. Finally, methods of hybrid seed production have not been developed. 

In the flux-growth method, crystals of the desired ceramic are precipitated from a melt containing the components of the product phase, often in addition to additives used to suppress the melting point of the flux. These additives remain in solution after crystal growth is complete. Crystals are precipitated onto seeds by slowly cooling the melt or the seed, or occasionally by evaporating volatile components of the melt such as alkaH haHdes, depressing the solubiHty of the product phase. 

In another method of tempering, soHd chocolate shavings are added as seed crystals to Hquid chocolate at 32—33°C. This is a particularly good technique for a small confectionery manufacturer, who does not produce his own chocolate. However, the shavings are sometimes difficult to disperse and may cause lumps in the finished product (20). Most companies use continuous thin-film heat exchangers for the tempering process. 

In a common method for the production of tubular carbon fibers, the growth is initiated by submicrometer size catalytic metal particles[19]. Tube growth out of a graphite rod during arc-discharge might also be related to nanoparticle-like seeds present... 

Only particles of linear or very slightly cross-linked <0.6%) polymers may be produced by dispersion polymerization. Obviously, dispersion polymerization may be used for the production of monosized seed particles, which, after transfer to aqueous conditions, are used for the production of different cross-linked and macroporous particles by the activated swelling and polymerization method. 

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