Sediments biological effects

Long ED, MacDonald D, Smith SL, Calder FD. 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manage 19 81-97. 

The relationship between incidence of lead shot in waterfowl gizzards and biological effects varies widely and is probably a function of shot availability caused by differences in shooting intensity, size of pellets, availability of grit, firmness of soil and sediments, and depth of surface water (Street 1983). Also, lead accumulations and the frequency of avian lead toxicosis following... 

Dunn, B.P. 1980. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments, bivalves, and seaweeds analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pages 367-377 in A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Most of our knowledge of the biological effects of petrolemn pollution is based on studying the acute effects of major spills or heavily contaminated sediments. These effects tend to be directly lethal. Acute toxicity has been foimd to be largely related to water solubility, with cmnulative toxicity reflecting the smn of the effects of each individual hydrocarbon. Relatively little is known about the effects of chronic exposures at lower concentrations, especially in the presence of other stressors, such as heavy metals. Effects of chronic inputs from land-based sources on populations, communities, and ecosystem structure and function are also not sufficiently known. 

ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). (1988). Standard guide for conducting 10-day static sediment toxicity tests with marine and estuarine amphipods. In Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Pesticides, Resource Recovery, Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responses, Waste Disposal, Biological Effects, 11.04, ASTM E 1367. Ed. by ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, pp. 732-757. 

Thain, J.E. and Bifield, S. (2001). Biological Effects of Contaminants Sediment bioassay using the polychaete... 

Wood, P.J. andArmitage, P.D. (1997). Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment. Environmental Management, 21 203-217. 

Wood, P.J. and P.D. Armitage (1997). Biological Effects of Fine Sediment in the Lotic Environment. Environ. Manag., 21(2). New York Springer-Verlag, pp. 203-217. 

During exposure to contaminated sediments, test organisms can concentrate chemicals in their tissue and exhibit measurable (sub)lethal effects linked to accumulated substances. In the field of sediment toxicity assessment, it is noteworthy to mention that some studies have been conducted to characterize both exposure and biological effects in parallel. Exposure to contaminants can be gauged by measuring their concentrations in water/sediment and tissue, and effects can be estimated with endpoints such as survival and growth. These studies are important, for example, to detect threshold concentrations at which chemicals begin to exert adverse effects. As such, they can be useful to recommend effective chemical quality standards that will be protective of aquatic life. 

Long, E.R. and Chapman, P.M. (1985) A sediment quality triad measures of sediment contamination, toxicity and infaunal community composition in Puget Sound, Marine Pollution Bulletin 16, 405-415. Long, E.R. and Morgan, L.G. (1990) The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorbed contaminants tested in the National Status and Trends Program, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52, Seattle, WA. 

Den Besten, P.J., De Deckere, E., Babut, M.P., Power, B., DelValls, T.A., Zago, C. Oen, A.M.P. and Heise, S. (2003) Biological effects-based sediment quality in ecological risk assessment for European waters, Journal of Soils and Sediments 3, 144-162. 

Van der Welden MEJ, Craane LHJ, Evers EHG, et al. 1989. Bioavailability of PCDDs and PCDFs from bottom sediments and some associated biological effects in the carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere 19 1009-1016. 

Means, J.C., Hassett, J.J., Wood, S.G., Banwart, W.L., Ali, S., Khan, A. (1980) Sorption properties of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and sediments Heterocyclic and substituted compounds. In Polynuclear Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects. Bjorseth, A., Dennis, A.J., Editors, pp. 395 404, Ann Arbor Sci. Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. 

Long, E.R. (1992) Ranges in chemical concentrations in sediments associated with adverse biological effects. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 24, 38 15. 

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