Jacket method

With the cone for a continuous flow rate of perfusion, the flow rate in the column is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of the cone at any given position. If the ratio of the radii of the inlet and outlet is 1 10 and the flow rate of the outlet is 1/100 of the inlet flow rate, then the separation efficiency of the supernatant fluid and suspended cells are improved. As shown in Fig. 13, the jacket type sedimentary system allows easy control of the temperature for separating the static supernatant from the cells. This jacket method was applied to an air-lift fermenter since it had not been done in an air-lift perfusion culture. According to Katinger et al., air-lift methods have smaller shear forces than impeller type agitation. However, in perfusion culture, comparable maximum cell densities were obtained using all three types of fermenters. 

Keywords epoxy resin, seismic retrofit, steel jacketing method, carbon fiber sheet jacketing method, unseating prevention... 

Typical jacketing methods as shown in Fig. 2 are adopted for the reinforcement to compensate the structural deficit of the concrete piers [2]. The jacketing methods were decided by considering the following factors increase of dead-weight, working space, clearance limit, duration of construction, and maintenance, as described in Fig. 3. 

Steel Jacketing Method. Concrete piers/columns are covered by steel plate in steel jacketing method as shown in Fig. 2 (b) and Fig. 4. The characteristics of this method [3] are represented by the following points. 

Figure 3 Flow chart to decide jacketing method for concrete pier...

Liquid epoxy resin (for steel jacketing method and installation of anchor bar) Impregnating type epoxy resin (for fiber sheet jacketing method) Grease type epoxy resin (for fixing of anchor bolt)... 

Carbon/Aramid Fiber Sheet Jacketing Method. The application of carbon/aramid fiber sheet for the reinforcement of concrete pier is adopted when restricted conditions are present on site, such as no permit of sectional increase due to clearance limit or weight increase on the foundation. The sheet in longitudinal direction is effective to increase the flexural strength and the sheet in transverse direction acts as lateral reinforcement to raise the shear strength. Particularly the fiber sheet is concentrically bonded at the termination of longitudinal rebar at the mid-height. 

Three types of jacketing methods using either reinforced concrete, steel or fiber as seismic retrofit to increase the flexural and shearing strength, and ductility of existing concrete piers are adopted. For steel jacketing method, liquid epoxy resin is effectively used for injection in the space between steel jacket and concrete piers. 

Details of FRP jacketing methods for columns are discussed in Section 5.3.2, so they are not repeated here. 

Special optical fibres can also be produced by a modified jacketing method [270]. A tapered glass preform is produced by suction casting of the core material into a tube made of the cladding material. This initial preform is then drawn off and loosely joined to circular positioned outer tube glasses to form a secondary preform, which is used for the fibre drawing process. This method allows the production of multi-layer fibres with large refractive index steps. 

Method 3. Fit up the apparatus shown in Fig. 7F, 45, 1 using a 250-ml, roimd-bottomed flask. Do not pass water through the glass jacket since the condenser wUl be employed only as an air condenser the empty filter flask is used merely as a trap to prevent the escape of vapours into... 

Processes that are essentially modifications of laboratory methods and that allow operation on a larger scale are used for commercial preparation of vinyhdene chloride polymers. The intended use dictates the polymer characteristics and, to some extent, the method of manufacture. Emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization are the preferred industrial processes. Either process is carried out in a closed, stirred reactor, which should be glass-lined and jacketed for heating and cooling. The reactor must be purged of oxygen, and the water and monomer must be free of metallic impurities to prevent an adverse effect on the thermal stabiUty of the polymer. 

A stable crystalline form for chocolate depends primarily on the method used to cool the fat present in the Hquid chocolate. To avoid the grainy texture and poor color and appearance of improperly cooled chocolate, the chocolate must be tempered or cooled down so as to form cocoa butter seed crystals (31). This is usually accompHshed by cooling the warm (44—50°C) Hquid chocolate in a water jacketed tank, which has a slowly rotating scraper or mixer. As the chocolate cools, the fat begins to soHdify and form seed crystals. Cooling is continued to around 26—29°C, during which time the chocolate becomes more viscous. If not further processed quickly, the chocolate will become too thick to process. 

Heaters. The preferred methods for heating are a double-jacket heated tank, nonmetaUic heat exchangers, quartz heaters, or Teflon-coated low watt density stainless steel heaters. Localized overheating must be avoided. 

Method of Securing Insulation with factory-applied jacketing may be secured with adhesive on the overlap, staples, tape, or wire, depending on the type of jacket and the outside diameter. Insulation which has a separate jacket is wired or banded in place before the jacket (finish) is applied. 

Experiments were performed in tlie SIMULAR calorimeter using the power compensation method of calorimetry (note that it can also be used in the heat flow mode). In this case, the jacket temperature was held at conditions, which always maintain a temperature difference ( 20°C) below the reactor solution. A calibration heater was used to... 

Cooling is the simplest method. It can be achieved simply by use of cooling medium (usually water) passing through a coil or jacket attached to the vessel. 

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