Sedimentary limestone

Calcite and dolomite are the common carbonate materials of sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) and metamorphic (marble) rocks used as building stones. These materials are highly susceptible to attack by acid deposition and by the presence of atmospheric SO2 according to the following reactions ... 

The stone is sedimentary limestone with a large flat surface. The natural porosity of the stone permits penetration and tight attachment of the fatty acid particles from the artist s crayons. After each printing is completed the sur ce is cleaned by using a solvent like turpentine that will dissolve the remnant chemicals from the surface, and then a thin layer is ground off with water and silicon carbide to rid the stone of the previous penetrating chemicals. 

Alaska, Washington, and Nevada. Ores of the Southeast Missouri lead belt and extensive deposits such as in Silesia and Morocco are of the replacement type. These deposits formed when an aqueous solution of the minerals, under the influence of changing temperature and pressure, deposited the sulfides in susceptible sedimentary rock, usually limestone and dolomites. These ore bodies usually contain galena, sphalerite, and pyrite minerals, but seldom contain gold, silver, copper, antimony, or bismuth. 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

Barite [13462-86-7], natural barium sulfate, BaSO, commonly known as barytes, and sometimes as heavy spar, tiU, or cawk, occurs in many geological environments in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Commercial deposits are of three types vein and cavity filling deposits residual deposits and bedded deposits. Most commercial sources are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone, and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite is widely distributed and has minable deposits in many countries. 

Limestone. This is a sedimentary rock that is formed by the accumulation of organic marine life remains (shells or coral). Its main component is calcium carbonate. Cement rock. This is a sedimentary rock that has a similar composition as the industrially produced cement. 

Of the principal minerals of Ca listed in Table 1, the most important ores are the various deposits of CaCOj, especially limestones, which occur as immense sedimentary beds over extensive parts of the earth s surface. Extraction of Ca from CaCOj is a simple and relatively inexpensive process. Although the other Ca-bearing minerals are rarely considered as potential Ca sources, they are widely distributed and extensively mined fluorite and apatite for their fluoride and phosphate content, gypsum and anhydrite for their use in construction. 

Geology of the province is composed of Paleozoic basements. Tertiary altered submarine volcanic and sedimentary rocks (Green tuff) and Quaternary volcanic rocks. The basements are shale, tuff, limestone and chert of unknown ages. A simplified geologic map is shown in Fig. 1.148. 

The Yamizo Mountains are mostly occupied by Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, mainly of Jurassic age (e.g., Sashida et al., 1982) with a small amount of intrusive granitoids of unknown ages. The Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary rocks have been called the Yamizo Formation (Kanomata, 1961). It is composed chiefly of shale, sandstone, alternating beds of shale and sandstone, and a small amount of limestone and chert. The succession of the geologic units and geologic structure of the Yamizo Formation have been left pending due to complex structure such as upturned beds (Kasai, 1978) and submarine land sliding (Aono et al., 1985). 

The Nigorikawa (Mori) geothermal system is located in southwest Hokkaido (Fig. 2.15). The area is composed of basement rocks (sedimentary rocks such as limestone), and Tertiary andesitic rocks (Yoshida, 1991). The area is characterized by a Krakatoan-type caldera which was formed by volcanic activity about 12,000 to 20,000 years ago (Sato, 1988). The caldera is filled with sediments consisting of clays, conglomerate, and fall back materials (tuff and tuff breccia). The rock formations surrounding the caldera consist of pre-Tertiary rock which are unconformably overlain by the Neogene Tertiary formation in thicknesses of 300-700 m. 

Limestone CaCOs, sedimentary rock formed by the accumulation of shells or corals... 

U/ 32jj activity ratio of -0.8 (equivalent to a Th/U weight ratio of 3.8), and this is often taken to represent that of the host rocks in the absence of direct measurements, although this can of course be substantially different in rocks such as limestones or other sedimentary deposits. If it is assumed that the groundwater profile is in steady state, that weathering and precipitation are not important for these nuclides, and that the parent nuclides ojh and have similar behaviors, then the corresponding terms in... 

The sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of their mineral, chemical and particulate characteristics. Some common sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone. 

The five types of molybdenum deposits include (i) molybdenum and copper porphyry deposits (ii) Quartz vein and pipes (iii) Pegmatites and apatites dikes (iv) Contact-meta-morphic rocks and tactite bodies of silica bearing limestone and (v) Sedimentary rocks containing bedded deposits. 

Historically, the alkali industry is based on limestone, or chalk. The chemical name for limestone is calcium carbonate (CaCOs). It is a very common mineral in seashells. Therefore, limestone is a naturally occurring sedimentary rock formed when seas or lakes evaporate. When limestone is heated, it produces carbon dioxide... 

Sedimentary rocks that are most likely to meet the first three criteria are unfractured shale, clay, siltstone, anhydrite, gypsum, and salt formations. Massive limestones and dolomites (i.e., carbonates with no continuous fracturing and solution channels) can also serve as confining layers. Then-suitability must be determined on a case by case basis. The fourth criterion has no relationship to lithology. 

Limestone. Limestone usually occurs as a white or light-shaded sedimentary monomineral formed by the consolidation of calcite (composed of calcium carbonate) sediments. It is a soft rock that can easily be cut and shaped into any size and form, so it has been used, since early antiquity, for... 

Much building material has been derived from two monomineral sedimentary rocks gypsum (composed of hydrated calcium sulfate) and limestone, which consists of calcite (composed mostly of calcium carbonate). Freshwater and seawater contain dissolved calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate. Most limestone and gypsum are formed when, as a consequence of the evaporation of water, calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate precipitate out of the water solutions as either gypsum or limestone. Limestone is also formed as a result of the activity of living organisms. Many sea- and freshwater animals, such as snails, clams, and corals, as well as some water plants, draw... 

Reg soils are closely associated with desertic regions. They have developed on stable surfaces where coarse, gravelly desert alluvium is exposed, and are characterized by a well-developed desert pavement and exhibit some well-defined soil horizons. They occur mostly on depositional surfaces where stones and gravels have been deposited since Neogene times. The surfaces commonly consist of stony, unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in which limestone, dolomite, chalk, flint and marl predominate, together with some fines (silt and clay). Sandstone and granite debris have also been reported to contribute to Reg formation. Less frequently, they form on sedimentary bedrock (Fig. 1.5). 

Most of the desert pavement stones are covered with a brown-black and shiny crust. When the stones are composed of limestone, the dark crust contrasts strongly with the much lighter inside color exposed on fracture surfaces. The crust forms on various stones, both sedimentary and igneous and is also known under the name of desert varnish , or desert patina . The varnish is less common on non-resistant rocks such as a soft limestone. These, apparently, disintegrate before the crust has time to develop. 

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