Sediment bound zinc

Extractable concentrations of sediment-bound zinc were positively correlated with zinc concentrations in deposit feeding clams (Luoma and Bryan 1979). Availability of sediment zinc to bivalve molluscs was higher at increased sediment concentrations of amorphous inorganic oxides or humic substances, and lower at increased concentrations of organic carbon and ammonium acetate-soluble manganese. Zinc uptake by euryhaline organisms was enhanced at low water salinity (Luoma and Bryan 1979). 

Luoma, S.N. and G.W. Bryan. 1979. Trace metal bioavailability modehng chemical and biological interactions of sediment-bound zinc. Pages 577-609 in E.A. Jenne (ed.). Chemical Modeling in Aqueous Systems. Amer. Chem. Soc., Sympos. Ser. 93, Washington, D.C. 

Trace Metal Bioavailability Modeling Chemical and Biological Interactions of Sediment-Bound Zinc... 

Luoma, S.N. and E.A. Jenne. 1977. The availability of sediment-bound cobalt, silver, and zinc to a depositfeeding clam. Pages 213-230 in H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung (eds.). Biological Implications of Metals in the Environment. ERDA Symposium Series 42. Avail, as CONF-750929 from the Natl. Tech. Inform. Serv., Springfield, VA 22161. 

Lewis, T.E. and A.W. McIntosh. 1986. Uptake of sediment-bound lead and zinc by the freshwater isopod Asellus communis at three different pH levels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15 495-504. 

Harvey RW, Luoma SN. 1985. Effect of adherent bacteria and bacterial extracellular polymers upon assimilation by Macoma balthica of sediment-bound cadmium, zinc and silver. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 22 281-289. 

Luoma, S. N. and Jenne, E. A. The availability of sediment-bound cobalt, silver and zinc to deposit-feeding clam,... 

Concentrations of zinc in tissues of aquatic organisms are usually far in excess of that required for normal metabolism. Much of the excess zinc is bound to macromolecules or present as insoluble metal inclusions in tissues (Eisler 1981, 1984, 1993 USEPA 1987). Diet is the most signihcant source of zinc for aquatic organisms and is substantially more important than uptake from seawater (Eisler 1981, 1984). In general, zinc concentrations in sediments and tissues of aquatic organisms are elevated in the vicinity of smelters and other point sources of zinc, and decrease with increasing distance (Ward et al. 1986 Table 9.4). 

The retention of zinc in the lake sediments appears to be efficient under botlToxic and anoxic conditions no indication of a release of zinc from the sediments into the water column was found. In a similar way, the retention of chromium in the sediments appears to be efficient. Under anoxic conditions Cr(III) is formed, which is strongly bound to particles and is thus retained in the sediments.The occurrence of anoxic conditions favors the retention in the sediments of chromium and of zinc, in contrast to the release of manganese and of iron. 

Some laboratories employ operationally defined procedures to extract total elements from soils, such as a one hour reflux with a mixture of boiling nitric and hydrochloric acids. Such an approach may be adequate, for example, to study the build up of elements such as zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, and nickel in sludge-treated soils. However, operationally defined procedures are much more often used to extract the portions of elements present in soils and sediments in a labile or plant-available form. For example, solutions of EDTA or CDTA may be used to extract copper, zinc, manganese, and iron from soils,17 or hydroxylamine hydrochloride may be used to extract easily reducible manganese or manganese oxide-bound trace elements.6... 

In soil research, the term speciation is often applied to operationally defined fractionation of heavy metals into five or more components.25 Typically, water soluble, exchangeable, organically bound (which includes what is in biomass), amorphous oxide bound, crystalline oxide bound, and residual fractions are measured.26 Sometimes residual fractions are further subdivided according to particle size distributions to give amounts in sand, silt, and clay fractions. Similar fractionation procedures are often applied to aquatic sediments.27 In arid regions, often the calcium carbonate bound fractions of heavy metals are also measured.28 Because of the constraints of detection limits, generally only cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc are usually monitored by flame spectrometry in such heavy metal speciation studies.28... 

BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES attaches to soil, sediments, and dust particles in the air can move into the groundwater and into lakes, streams, and rivers most of the zinc in soil stays bound to soil particles... 

Currently in the United States, most of the lead produced comes from mines in Missouri, Alaska, Idaho, and Montana, primarily from lead-zinc and lead ores (361, 362). Worldwide, major lead deposits exist in association with zinc, silver, and/or copper (362). There are five major geological types of lead deposits volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits [Canada, Cyprus, Japan, Australia (Tasmania), Turkey] sediment-hosted deposits of sulfides interbedded with shales, and so on, formed in an anaerobic marine environment [Australia, Canada, Germany, United States (Alaska)] strata-bound carbonate deposits containing sulfide minerals [United States (Mississippi Valley), southern European Alps, Canada, Poland] sandstone-hosted deposits of finely crystalhne sulfides (Canada, France, Morocco, Sweden) and vein deposits of coarsely crystalline sulfide aggregates (western United States, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Peru) (364). The wide variety of compositions seen for lead minerals is illustrated by the representative lead minerals listed in Table XV (3,47). Below, we discuss the lead minerals that are most prevalent in nature in more detail. 

The effect of pH on the mobilization of zinc in a few highly acidic clean lakes has been studied (Sprenger et al. 1987 White and Driscoll 1987). In these lakes, in which the pH was <3.6, concentrations of zinc were elevated in the water column, and the concentration of zinc in the upper layer of sediment was substantially lower than values reported for other lakes at higher pH values. The relatively higher concentration of zinc in the water column compared to the sediment may be the result of lower adsorption of zinc on oxide surfaces due to low pH, solubilization of inorganic zinc from the sediment layer, and the dissociation of bound organic complexes of zinc present in the sediment and their subsequent release into the water phase. 

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