Sea lice

Genna, R. L., Mordue, W., Pike, A. W., and Mordue (Luntz) A. J. (2004). Identification of semiochemicals involved in sea lice host location, and their potential use in pest control. In Annual Meeting of the International Society ofChemical Ecology, July 2004, Ottawa, Canada. 

Davies et al. [378b] studied the bioconcentration of ivermectin (22,23-dihy-droavermectin Bj) in mussels Mytilus edulis). Ivermectin has been proposed as a chemotherapeutant for the treatment of farmed salmon infected with sea lice. The commercial ivermectin contains two avermectin derivatives at least 80% of 22,23-dihydroavermectin Bj (C48H74O14 molecular mass 874.5 g mol 0 and not more than 20% of 22,23-dihydroavermectin Bjb (C47H72O14, molecular mass 860.5 g mol 0- Both compounds possess nearly the same molecular dimensions with the same cross-section of ca. 25 A as avermectin Bj. The water solubility of ivermectin is low, between 6 and 9 pg 1. For comparison, the solubility of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in water is 5 pg h. ... 

Azamethiphos is used as a pesticide spray for control of flies and cockroaches primarily in Europe, as it is not available for use in the United States. It has been used in commercial aquaculture to control external parasites (sea lice) in salmon. In addition, locally procured granular azamethiphos was used as a fly bait by US troops in the first Gulf War. 

Dc Pauw, N. and Joyce, J. (199]). A new treatment against sea lice, ir Aquaculture and the Environment. Abstracts of contributions presented at the International Conference. Aquaculture Europe 91. Dublin. Ireland, 10-12 June, 1991. 

As mentioned earlier, pyrethrum is an extract from chrysanthemum flowers which contains a mixture of natural compounds including pyrethrins. Pyrethrin powder has been used for many years as an insecticide in domestic applications. Com-poimds having similar structures and properties have now been synthesized as pyrethroids which are cheaper than natural pyr-ethrums and more potent. They are even more effective in treating sea lice infestations on solomon and other sea water flsh. 

Little is known about the long term effects of the biocides. The assortment of these compounds is changing fairly rapidly, with research trying to catch up. For example, Atlantic salmon were treated for sea lice infection by DDVP (di-chlorvos, 2,2-dichloroethenyl dimethyl phosphate), trichlorfon (dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethyl)phosphonate), hydrogen peroxide, ivermectin, azamethiphos (S-[(6-chloro-2-oxooxazolo[4,5-h]pyridin3(2H)-yl)methyl] 0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate), and cypermethrin (cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)me-thyl 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate). The last three compounds in particular are highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates in laboratory tests, but their fate and effects in field situations has not been studied in detail. 

Ernst W, Jackman P, Doe K, Page F, Julien G, Mackay K, Sutherland T (2001) Dispersion and toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms to pesticides used to treat sea lice on salmon in net pen enclosures. Mar Pollut Bull 42 433-444... 

Teflubenzuron was introduced in 1986 by ACC (now BASF) into parts of Europe and Africa for control of lepidopteran pests in fruits, citrus, vegetables and cotton. It also has mosquito larvacide activity and is currently being investigated for use as a feed treatment for sea lice on flsh grown in captivity [60]. 

Scottish Fnvironmental Protection Agency. Calidde (Teflubenzuron) -Authorisation for use as an infeed sea lice treatment in marine cage salmon farms. Risk Assessment, EQS Recommendations. 1999, 29, 1—15. 

Tomchik R, Russell M, Szmant A, Black N (1993) Clinical perspectives on seabather s eruption, also known as sea lice. JAMA 269 1669... 

Russel M, Tomchik R (1993) Seabather s eruption or sea lice new findings and clinical implications. J Emerg Nurs 19 197-201 Rustin MH, Newton JA, Smith NP, et d. (1989) The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine. The results of a pilot study, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long-term open trial. Br J Dermatol 120 267-275 Ryan AM, Goldsmith LA (1995) Golfer s nails. Arch Dermatol 131 857-858... 

Bath Fin fish (Atlantic salmon, rainbow Ectoparasites treat sea lice Bath dose 2 pg/L for 30 min in a closed... 

P. J. Campbell, K. L. Hammell, I. R. Dohoo and G. Ritchie, Historical clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of teflubenzuron for treating sea lice on Atlantic salmon, Dis. Aquat. Organ., 2006, 51, 109-114. 

L. Gustafson, S. Ellis, T. Robinson, F. Marenghi and R. Endris, Efficacy of emamectin benzoate against sea-lice infestations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. evaluation in the absence of an untreated contemporary control, J. Fish Dis., 2006, 29, 621-627. 

A. Ramstad, D. J. Colquhoun, R. Nordmo, I. H. Sutherland and R. Simmons, Field trials in Norway with SLICE (0.2% emamectin benzoate) for the oral treatment of sea lice infestation in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, Dis. Aquat. Organ., 2002, 50, 29-33. 

J. Stone, I. H. Sutherland, C. S. Sommerville, R. H. Richards and K. J. Varma, The efficacy of emamectin benzoate as an oral treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer), infestations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., J. Fish Dis., 1999, 22, 261-270. 

Scottish Association for Marine Science. Ecological Effects of Sea Lice Treatments, report available from the Association, Argyll, Scotland, 2003. 

MACKINNON, B. M. (1998) Host factors important in sea lice infections. ICES Journal of Marine Science Journal du Conseil. 55,188-192. 

BROOKS, K.M. (2009) Considerations in developing an integrated pest management programme for control of sea lice on farmed sahnon in Pacific Canada. Journal of Fish Diseases, 32 (1), 59-73. 

EiTHUN, I. (2000) Measures to control sea lice in Norwegian fish farms. Caligus, 6 (March), 4-5. 

FALLANG, A., RAMSAY, J.M., SEVATDAL, S., BURKA, J.F., JEWESS, P., HAMMELL, K.L. HORS-BERG, T.E. (2004) Evidence for occurrence of an organophosphate-resistant tjrpe of acetylcholinesterase in strains of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krpyer). Pest Management Science, 60,1163-1170. 

H0Y, T. HORSBERG, T.E. (1991) Chemotherapy of sea lice infestations in salmonids. pharmacological, toxicological and therapeutic properties of established and potential agents. Ph.D. Thesis, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo. 

PIKE, A.w. (1989) Sea lice - major pathogens of farmed Atlantic salmon. Parasitology Today, 5, 291-297. 

PIKE, A.W. WADSWORTH, s.L. (1999) Sea lice on salmonids their biology and control. Advances in Parasitology, 44, 233-337. 

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