Scopolamine symptoms

Despite the limitations imposed by the physiology of the skin, several marketed controUed release transdermal dmg dehvery systems are available in the United States for example, scopolamine [51-34-3] for the treatment of motion sickness, nitroglycerin [55-63-0] for angina, estradiol [50-28-2] for the rehef of postmenopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, clonidine [4205-90-7] for the treatment of hypertension, fentanyl [437-38-7] as an analgesic, and nicotine [54-11-5] as an aid to smoking cessation. These systems are designed to dehver dmg for periods of one to seven days. 

In contrast to the nicotinic antagonists and indeed both nicotinic and muscarinic agonists, there are a number of muscarinic antagonists, like atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine) and benztropine, that readily cross the blood-brain barrier to produce central effects. Somewhat surprisingly, atropine is a central stimulant while hyoscine is sedative, as least in reasonable doses. This would be the expected effect of a drug that is blocking the excitatory effects of ACh on neurons but since the stimulant action of atropine can be reversed by an anticholinesterase it is still presumed to involve ACh in some way. Generally these compounds are effective in the control of motion but not other forms of sickness (especially hyoscine), tend to impair memory (Chapter 18) and reduce some of the symptoms of Parkinsonism (Chapter 15). 

Many drugsbromides, morphine, cocaine, hashish, marijuana, mescaline, scopolamine, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate, ACTH, pervitin, sodium amytal, lysergic acid, reserpine and chlorpromazine are known to have marked effects on the mental processes of the individuals who receive them. These effects are varied and cannot be discussed here. Suffice it to say that some drugs produce symptoms which resemble those observed in mental disease others work in the opposite direction. There can be no doubt that enzyme systems are... 

Rubner 0, Kummerhoff PW, Haase H. (1997). [An unusual case of psychosis caused by long-term administration of a scopolamine membrane patch. Paranoid hallucinogenic and delusional symptoms]. 

Scopolamine is used for practically the same indications as atropine, but it should be noted that it has a sedative effect on motor activity, and it is recommended for the treatment of Parkinsonian symptoms. Synonyms of this drug are joscyn, oscine, and others. 

Many different classes of drugs can produce hallucinations when given in toxic doses (e.g. the anticholinergics, such as atropine and scopolamine), but such symptoms are generally associated with confusion and lack of sensory clarity. As such, hallucinations are a component of a toxic psychosis. 

Combining opiates with anticholinergic drugs is a common practice in recreational abuse (SEDA-21, 34). Heroin mixed with hyoscine (scopolamine) is nicknamed polo and point on point. Mixed drug toxicity, with atypical signs and symptoms of opiate abuse, has been reported (70). 

The mental effects are equally dramatic restlessness, disorientation, and other symptoms of delirium, including vivid hallucinations that may seem so real that people lose all contact with ordinary reality. Because scopolamine usually leaves you with some amnesia, it is often hard to remember these hallucinations clearly when the drug wears off. Going into other worlds is tasci-nating, but the worlds datura takes people to can he frightening populated by monsters and devils and filled with violent, frenzied energy. 

Fatalities from intoxication with atropine and scopolamine are rare, but they sometimes occur in children, in whom 10 mg or less may be lethal. Idiosyncratic reactions are more common with scopolamine chan with atropine, and ordinary therapeutic doses sometimes cause alarming effects. Table 1 lists undesirable responses or symptoms of overdose associated with various doses of atropine. 

Many unsafe herbs are anticholinergic in nature, often due to significant hyoscyamine (and to a lesser extent, scopolamine) content. This includes belladonna, the nightshades, henbane, jimsonweed, and mandrake. These herbs cause a constellation of symptoms often referred to as Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter. This includes confusion, hallucinations, agitation, elevated temperature, hypertension, tachycardia, mydriasis, dry mucous membranes, dry/flushed skin, and nausea/vomiting. Ultimately, respiratory arrest, seizures, and life-threatening arrhythmias can occur. ... 

Tropane alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and/or scopolamine, occur in the solanaceous plants Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger, and Mandragora officinarum. These alkaloids are powerful anticholinergic agents and can elicit peripheral symptoms (for example blurred vision, dry mouth) as well as central effects (for example drowsiness, delirium). They can potentiate the effects of anticholinergic medicaments. 

A 60-year-old man received intramuscular morphine 10 mg with scopolamine 0.4 mg as premedication and 40 minutes later complained of sharp right upper quadrant pain radiating to the back. The symptoms were identical to the gallbladder pain he had experienced in the past and for which he had had a cholecystectomy 25 years before. He had complete relief from intravenous naloxone 0.9 mg. 

As shown in Table 4, sophisticated adhesive patches for transdermal delivery of scopolamine (motion sickness), nitroglycerine (anginal symptoms), clonidine (regulation... 

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