Science, basic reactors

A frequently asked question is What are the differences between nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry Clearly, the two endeavors overlap to a large extent, and in recognition of this overlap, they are collectively referred to by the catchall phrase nuclear science. But we believe that there are fundamental, important distinctions between these two fields. Besides the continuing close ties to traditional chemistry cited above, nuclear chemists tend to study nuclear problems in different ways than nuclear physicists. Much of nuclear physics is focused on detailed studies of the fundamental interactions operating between subatomic particles and the basic symmetries governing their behavior. Nuclear chemists, by contrast, have tended to focus on studies of more complex phenomena where statistical behavior is important. Nuclear chemists are more likely to be involved in applications of nuclear phenomena than nuclear physicists, although there is clearly a considerable overlap in their efforts. Some problems, such as the study of the nuclear fuel cycle in reactors or the migration of nuclides in the environment, are so inherently chemical that they involve chemists almost exclusively. 

The theoretical questions which are posed and solved in these papers by Ya.B. and by Ya.B. with Yu. A. Zysin (articles 17 and 17a) have developed into an extensive separate branch of science—the theory of chemical reactors. Combustion in a reactor with ideal mixing is an example of the simplest thermal and gasdynamic situation, when the analysis requires only algebraic relations. This allows explicit demonstration of the basic features of exothermic chemical reactions in a flow which are also present in more complicated form in other combustion regimes—a laminar flame, diffusive combustion, detonation wave and others. Critical conditions of ignition and extinction and the existence of several regimes whose occurrence depends on the initial conditions—these are the most remarkable effects of combustion which attract the attention even of laymen. The relative ease of recording them makes them a convenient tool for physico-chemical research. 

This book provides a general introduction to membrane science and technology. Chapters 2 to 4 cover membrane science, that is, topics that are basic to all membrane processes, such as transport mechanisms, membrane preparation, and boundary layer effects. The next six chapters cover the industrial membrane separation processes, which represent the heart of current membrane technology. Carrier facilitated transport is covered next, followed by a chapter reviewing the medical applications of membranes. The book closes with a chapter that describes various minor or yet-to-be-developed membrane processes, including membrane reactors, membrane contactors and piezodialysis. 

Microfabrication is increasingly central to modern science and technology. Many opportunities in technology derive from the ability to fabricate new types of microstructures or to reconstitute existing structures in down-sized versions. The most obvious examples are in microelectronics. Microstructures should also provide the opportunity to study basic scientific phenomena that occur at small dimensions one example is quantum confinement observed in nanostructures [1]. Although microfabrication has its basis in microelectronics and most research in microfabrication has been focused on microelectronic devices [2], applications in other areas are rapidly emerging. These include systems for microanalysis [3-6], micro-volume reactors [7,8], combinatorial synthesis [9], micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) [10, 11], and optical components [12-14]. 

The traditional modeling framework describing reactive flow systems is presented in the following. The basic conservation equations applied in most reactor model analyzes are developed from the concept that the fluid is a continuum. This means that a fluid is considered to be a matter which exhibits no finer structure [168]. This model makes it possible to treat fluid properties at a point in space and mathematically as continuous functions of space and time. From the continuum viewpoint, fluid mechanics and solid mechanics have much in common and the subject of both these sciences are traditionally called continuum mechanics. 

The science of mechanics constitutes a vast number of sub-disciplines commonly considered beyond the scope of the standard chemical engineering education. However, when dealing with kinetic theory-, granular flow- and population balance modeling in chemical reactor engineering, basic knowledge of the principles of mechanics is required. Hence, a very brief but essential overview of the disciplines of mechanics and the necessary prescience on the historical development of kinetic theory are given before the more detailed and mathematical principles of kinetic theory are presented. 

Caro J. Basic aspects of membrane reactors. In E. Drioli and L. Giomo (eds.). Comprehensive Membrane Science and... 

Preparation of a proposal for the project Partnership for Basic Research and Education in Nuclear Reactor Safety and Novel Applications of Transport Theory. This proposal was submitted to, and ultimately accepted by, the International Science and Technology Center. KIAM was the lead organization for this project, with Professor Mikhail V. Maslennikov as Project Manager, and Dr. A. V. Voronkov as the Project Leader at KIAM, and Professor Nelson as Principal Consultant. Other participating Russian organizations were... 

Caro, J., 2010. Basic aspects in membrane reactors, in Comprehensive membrane science and engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Itoh, N., Xu, W. C., Haraya, K. (1992). Basic experimental study on palladium membrane reactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 66, 149. 

The second major activity is the management of large volumes and varieties of waste. The primary source of these wastes in the United States was the nuclear weapons program. In addition, some waste from nuclear reactor research and basic science projects, as well as waste generated by the commercial nuclear power industry under certain circumstances, such as the debris from the... 

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