Schematic diagram fractional distillation

A combination unit is a special type of unit that was developed to reduce the investment for a small refinery. In effect, one main distillation unit serves as a crude fi-actionator as well as the cat unit primary fractionator. This same tower also serves the naphtha reformer and visbreaker. A schematic diagram of a combination unit is shown in Figure 2. Crude oil is topped (material boiling below 650°F is removed) in the atmospheric tower, and the topped crude is sent to the combination tower along with cat products and naphtha reformer products. These latter streams provide heat to distill the topped crude and also, being more volatile than topped crude, provide a lifting effect which assists in vaporizing more of the crude. 

After reduction is complete, most of the magnesium chloride is mechanically separated from the reduced mass the remaining fraction is removed along with the excess magnesium reductant by vacuum distillation at about 900 °C under a pressure of 10 3 to 10-1 torr. A schematic diagram of the reactor used for vacuum distillation is shown in Figure 4.23. 

Supercritical fractionation of a liquid lipid feed material is usually carried out in a packed column. Standard columns are not available commercially and have to be custom built either in-house or by manufacturers of extraction units. Lab-scale and pilot-scale supercritical columns, 0.6-13.6 m high with internal diameters of 14.3-68 mm are available in research labs around the world and have been used for the processing of deodorizer distillates (56, 57, 86-90), vegetable and fish oils (91-105), cocoa butter, and milkfat (106-109). A schematic diagram of a typical SCCO2 fractionation column (2.8 m, 2.54 cm o.d.), which was designed and built... 

In these, the gas phase is suitably collected and subjected to the subsequent analytical determinations in a discontinuous fashion. Although the classical distillation systems have fallen into disuse since the advent of the advantageous gas chromatography, their automation has fostered the development of assemblies of some Interest. Chipperfleld et al. [2] reported a computer-controlled laboratory fractional column for small-scale preparations in which a microcomputer controls the column-jacket temperatures, boil-up rate and reflux ratio to achieve optimum separations. A schematic diagram of the dls-... 

The initial process was a batch reaction of sodium with potassium chloride to produce NaK, which was later fractionated by distillation to produce pure potassium. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the gas-fired reaction vessel, the air-cooled condenser, the salt trap, and the sodium-potassium collector. The... 

FIG. 1 Schematic diagram of the Phillips triolefin process for propene disproportionation (a) disproportionation (b) fractionation (c) fractionation (d) distillation. (From Ref. 4.)... 

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