Scanning electron microscopic procedure

Hamilton and Lone applied a scanning electron microscopic procedure to understand this phenomenon [15]. Electron micrographs of razor-shaved individuals revealed frank skin cuts, the clipping of hair produced less skin trauma, and depilatory agents caused no injury to the skin. The increased infection rates observed were likely the result of compromise to the natural barrier function of the skin. 

Replication avoids the problem of sample deterioration in the instrument, but it is destructive in that reaction of the material cannot be continued after the replica has been prepared. Transitory features cannot be detected unless a series of preparations are examined corresponding to increasing progress of the reaction considered. The textures of replicas have been shown [220] to be in satisfactory agreement with those of the original surface as viewed in the scanning electron microscope. The uses and interpretations of observations made through sample replication procedures are illustrated in the studies of decomposition of metal carboxyl-ates by Brown and co-workers [97,221—223]. 

First of all, only the samples, prepared according to the procedure (a) were suitable for scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. All other samples were very un-... 

The peculiarities in the morphology of gels prepared by the one-stage procedure are obvious from Figure 3.8 representing pictures taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). One can see a cross-linked network from fibrils and spherical... 

This procedure can also be employed for studying bacteria with the scanning electron microscope (Fig. 1.2). 

BN nanotubes were prepared by a standard literature procedure.7 BN nanotubes were prepared by the reaction of B2C>3 with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in the presence of ammonia at 1250 °C for 3 h. A grey spongy product was obtained after the reaction indicating the presence of unreacted MWNTs along with BN nanotubes. The product was washed with hot water to remove excess B2O3. The excess carbon present in the product was removed by oxidation at 800 C in low-pressure air (20 mPa). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (ED AX) were performed with... 

Normally the craze microstructure is not directly visible in the scanning electron microscope. Thus, an etching procedure using oxygen ions was employed to remove the plastically deformed layer at the sample surface. Control measurements on uncrazed samples showed that this procedure does not lead to artifacts. The surfaces were coated with gold to reduce surface charging. 

Since they were first invented the size and cost of scanning electron microscopes has come down considerably, the time for sample preparation has been shortened, and other complications of the procedure have been reduced. Today, relatively low priced desk top microscopes are available and many scientific or corporate laboratories are equipped with larger units so that this technology is accessible to almost everyone. 

In considering surfaces and modified surfaces, the techniques and procedures usually used to characterize solid and surfaces are of prominent importance, such as Brunauei>-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherms, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of solids (in our case, generally Si and P), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). 

For a thorough assessment of different types of fibers, special analytical methods have to be used. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is usually the equipment of choice for the characterization of asbestos fibers. Energy disperse X-ray analysis (EDX) enables asbestos fibers to detected even at very low concentrations. This procedure requires very expensive technology and can be performed only by highly skilled technicians. 

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