Scanning electron microscopic and

Liu, S.T., Nancollas, G.H. and Gaseichi, E.A. (1976) Scanning electron microscopic and kinetic studies of the crystallization and dissolution of barium sulfate crystals. J. Cryst. Growth, 33, 11-20. 

Tanaka K, Mitsushima A, Kashima Y, Osatake H. A new high resolution scanning electron microscope and its application to biological materials, in Proc Eleventh Inti Cong Electron Microsc, vol III (Imura T, Maruse S, Suzuki T, eds.), Publication Committee of the Xlth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Kyoto, lapan, 1986, pp. 2097-2100. 

Test environments used were NaOH solution with various concentrations of 10 to AOwt.%. Immersion tests were carried out at temperatures of 20 to lOA C for up to 3000 hrs, and after immersion weight measurements and flexural tests were performed at room temperature (Testing speed 2mm/min, Span 40mm). Optical and scanning electron microscopes and infrared spectroscope (IR) were further used to study the degradation mechanism of the resins. 

Plate 1. Scanning Electron Microscope and Optical Microscope Micrographs of selected char from oxidised A series coals, la., char produced from fresh coal, lb., char from coal oxidised for 17 days. Ic., char from coal oxidised for 112 days. V, devolatilisation vent., M, mechanical damage. 

As the developed dosage forms are transparent to the electron beam, the samples were coated with (carbon-gold)-gold layer under vacuum. An ISA-60A scanning electron microscope and a polar vapour coater unit were for gold coating. 

Kehoe JC. 1984. Intracanal corrosion of a silver cone producing a localized argyria Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray analyzer analyses. Journal of Endodontics 10 199-201. 

McHardy, W. J., and Robertson, L. (1983). An optical scanning electron microscopic and microanalytical study of cementation in some podzols. Geoderma 30,161-170. 

Other techniques, such as fight scattering and sedimentation, are also sensitive to particle shape. The direct observation of particles by a scanning electron microscope and distribution measurements by image analysis would appear to overcome many of the problems associated with the various other techniques, but problems of describing irregularly shaped particles remain. A universal particle size descriptor has not yet been developed. The technique adopted and the results obtained are most useful when empirical correlations with the end use can be made. 

SEM/EDX Measurements. Sample powder was sprayed onto a carbon coated aluminum sample holder. After drying at room temperature, the sample holder was put into the analysis chamber of an AMRAY 1810D scanning electron microscope and evacuated. 

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope and EDAX analysis of (A) LZ-241 Ti substituted ZSM-5 1.3 wt.% TiOz (B) LZ-226 Ti substituted NH4Y 11.4 wt.% TiOz (C) LZ-226 Fe substituted HsO mordenite 3.8 wt.% Fe2Os.

The practical lower limit of emulsion sizing with optical microscopy is on the order of 0.5 (xm. This limit is much lower with electron microscopy, on the order of 0.1 (xm or less with direct observation of frozen samples in a scanning electron microscope, and 0.01 xm or less with replicas and transmission electron microscopy. Sizes smaller than these lower limits can be recognized with each of these techniques, but quantification of the size distribution becomes difficult. Furthermore, at levels of about 0.01 xm, it is extremely difficult to avoid artifacts and subsequent misinterpretations. As mentioned earlier, sample preparation is an extremely important consideration in both optical and electron microscopic techniques. With optical... 

Scanning electron microscopes and energy dispersion X-ray analysis techniques have been used (169) to examine the distribution and location of the components of water-based preservatives applied to wood. Subsequently, the selective penetration of anions into the cell wall with the cations remaining in the cell lumen has been shown iron oxide pigments were completely deposited at the wood surface. 

The deactivated catalyst recovered from the reactor after each run was analysed for its coke content using a LECO CS244 carbon/sulphur analyzer. The total surface area of the fresh and spent catalysts were measured using a Quantasorb Sortometer in the Catalyst Characterization Laboratories at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. The catalyst pore structures were also examined through a scanning electron microscope and images of the fresh and spent catalyst. 

Fig. 15-13 Identification of an inclusion in cast iron by means of a scanning electron microscope and an energy-dispersive spectrometer, (a) Image formed by secondary electrons, 2280X, (b) x-ray image or map formed by the K

The samples of impact polystyrene and a thermoplastic polyurethane were weathered in Florida, and then examined with a scanning electron microscope and with a multiple internal reflectance (MIR) spectrophotometer with the following results. 

The coupons after removal from the Vycor reactor were cooled in an inert atmosphere and then weighed. Coupon surfaces were analyzed using a Jeolco JSM-U3 scanning electron microscope and photographs... 

DNS would like to thank NERC for founding (NE/ B500874/1). We would like to thank Stuart Kerns for help with electron microprobe and Barbara Donner (Bremen) for samples. We would also like to thank Paula McDade (University of Edinburgh) for help with the Scanning Electron Microscope and Michael HaU for the sample preparation. 

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